Revision Q. Lec 3

Question 1

Name the four periods of postnatal growth

Answer 1

1. infancy <1yr
2. Early childhood (1-4.99)
3. middle childhood (5yrs - beginning of adolescence)
4. Adolescence (WHO states 10-19yrs)

Question 2

Name and describe the three phases of prenatal growth

Answer 2

1. fertilized egg or zygote (first two weeks) - differentiation of multiple cell layers. Gastrula (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
2. Embryo (2-8 weeks) - differentiation of stem cells to tissues
3. foetus (9-40 weeks) - proportions change and functional development of tissue, organs, systems. rapid growth in size and mass

Question 3

What are congenital malformations? what can cause these?

Answer 3

refers to an abnormal condition in which an infant is born.

- these can be caused by radiation, chemicals, drugs, maternal substance abuse

Question 4

what is the difference between fraternal and monozygotic twins?

Answer 4

monozygotic twins (identicle) - the splitting of the fertilized ovum, two identical zygotes 
Fraternal (dizygotic) - 2 eggs and 2 sperm

Question 5

A lower than normal head circumference may be an indicator of what?

Answer 5

mental retardation/ variable degree of birth defects

Question 6

Name 4 factors that influence birth weight

Answer 6

1. maternal energy intake
2. maternal smoking
3. Alcohol consumption
4. substance abuse

Question 7

Describe how low birth weight may increase the incidence of diabetes

Answer 7

low birth weight = stunned growth of pancreas = not many beta cells (inside pancreas) = low capacity to produce insulin = pancreatic exhaustion and diabetes

Question 8

why is fetal movement important?

Answer 8

because if they aren’t doing the reflexes in the time frame this could mean something is wrong with the infant

Question 9

Explain the difference between fat free mass and lean body mass

Answer 9

fat free mass = is composed of all the body’s non-fat tissue including muscle, bone, organs, and connective tissue

lean body mass = includes all fat free mass and essential body fat

Question 10

what is easier to measure out of fat free mass and lean body mass?

Answer 10

fat free mass is easier = more often used

Question 11

Name 2 simple methods of determining cardiovascular risk that does not assess body composition

Answer 11

BMI

Somatotype rating

Question 12

On average at what age do males have a body fat of 20.1% and females 24.3%

Answer 12

At age 9yrs

Question 13

what health benefits are associated with increased aerobic fitness?

Answer 13

• decrease risk of cardiovascular risk
• increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels
• increase QOL (quality of life)