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Human Growth and development > lecture 6 > Flashcards

lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the immune system?

A

it is the bodies defence system to distinguish and process foreign and self-threats

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2
Q

the immune system responds to antigens. what are antigens? examples

A

antigens are any molecule that can stimulate an immune response i.e. microbes (bacteria, viruses), smoke, pollen, etc

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3
Q

is exercise an antigen?

A

yes, because it produces some damage in the muscle and then you get an immune response.

not all immune responses are bad

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4
Q

what are the three lines of defence in the immune system?

A

1st line - physical & (bio) chemical barriers - skin, earwax, stomach acid

2nd line - innate (non specific) immune response - quick response

3rd line - adaptive (specific) immune response - slower, memory for future responses
- T and B lymphocytes

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5
Q

what lymphocytes are apart of the adaptive immune system

A

T and B lymphocyte cells

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6
Q

when does the immune system develop?

A

the innate immune system is present in the body at week 4

functional T cells develop at week 16 of pregnancy

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7
Q

what happens to the foetus immune system at birth?

A

the innate immune system is muted at birth otherwise it would recognise the maternal cells as antigens and then attack them.

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8
Q

what happens in the childhood immunity?

A
  • immune system matures
  • maternal antibodies mirror the immunity of the mother
  • continually make immune system stronger throughout growth (the more you are exposed)
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9
Q

what happens with the immune system in the aged?

A
  • immune system declines in the ages
  • Lower number of naive T and B cells = decreased ability to respond to new diseases
  • innate immune system show decrease phagocytic ability
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10
Q

why is childhood immunity important?

A

important for early protection against infectious disease over the first 6 months of life

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11
Q

when is the greatest risk of death from infection?

A

very early in life and later in life (newborn & elderly)

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12
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

it is the system that secretes hormones

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13
Q

what are hormones ?

A

are the chemical messengers which are released into the body by your endocrine glands

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14
Q

where do hormones go?

A

they either reach a target tissue directly or pass into cell to nucleus

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15
Q

what are the two different types of hormones? examples also

A

Amino acid hormones - cannot cross membrane
eg. epinephrine, glucagon, thyroxine
lipid derived hormones - its a lipid soluble so can cross membrane
eg. steroid hormones, estrogen, testosterone

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16
Q

what is the major endocrine gland?

A

the Hypothalamus

17
Q

what does the growth hormone do?

A

growth of connective tissue, bone growth and muscle hypertrophy

18
Q

what are the three actions of hormones?

A
  1. morphogenesis - regulate physical growth and maturation of individuals
  2. integration - integrate activities of the body in response to internal and external stimuli
  3. Maintenance - act to maintain the internal environment of the body
19
Q

what does Morphogenesis do?

A

regulate physical growth and maturation of individuals

e.g. Growth hormone (GH)

20
Q

what happens when the Hypothalamus secretes GRGH (growth hormone releasing hormone)??

A

this stimulates GH release from pituitary gland, which stimulates liver to secrete insulin-like growth factor (IGF) hormones

21
Q

What is IGF-1 and what does it do

A

IGF-1 - a insulin like growth factor which is a potent stimulator of rapid production of cartilage cells at epiphyseal plate

22
Q

what hormones do we need for linear growth to occur in children?

A

IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor) , GH (growth hormone), TH (thyroid hormone)

23
Q

what does growth hormone do in adults?

A
  • stimulates protein synthesis in muscle and the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue (anabolic effect)
  • used in the synthesis of proteins
24
Q

when does growth hormone usually happen? what happens if you stay awake all night consistently?

A

growth hormone is usually secreted when asleep. therefore if always awake you may be stunted in growth

25
Q

what are the sex steroids which are most commonly studies in growing children

A

testosterone and estradiol

26
Q

what is the second hormonal action??

A

Integration - through circulation to most parts of the body, integrate activities of the body in response to internal and external stimuli
e.g. adrenaline/epinephrine

27
Q

What is the third hormone action? examples

A

Maintenance - act to maintain the internal environment of the body (homeostasis)
e.g. insulin, glucagon, ADH, Calcitonin aldosterone

28
Q

what does insulin do?

A

it is secreted by pancreas - it increases glucose uptake from blood and glycogen storage
- necessary for full expression of GH effects

29
Q

what happens to the thyroid when ageing?

A
  • thyroid often becomes lumpy (nodular).

- metabolic rate gradually declines, beginning at age 20

30
Q

why is normal thyroid function necessary?

A
  • for normal physiological growth and maturation
  • GH can not produce its normal effects without thyroxine
  • thyroid hormones accelerate most processes
31
Q

what are the endocrine changes with ageing ??

A

the endocrine system shows relatively few functional changes with age. with the most dramatic exception is the decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones

32
Q

what is menopause? how does it occur

due to ageing ^

A

menopause is when a womens ovaries stops releasing eggs. this is due to a decrease of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone = menstrual activity decreases and eventually ceases

33
Q

what are the changes in the male reproductive system due to ageing?

A

decrease sperm production

decrease erectile disfunction

Human Growth and development (20 decks)

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