Review questions

Question 1

Name the four periods of postnatal growth

Answer 1

1. Infancy <1yr
2. Early childhood (1-4.99yrs)
3. Middle Childhood (5yrs- beginning of adolescence)
4. Adolescence (WHO states 10-19yrs)

Question 2

Name and describe the 3 phases of prenatal growth

Answer 2

1. Fertilized egg or zygote, morula and blastcyst ( first two weeks) - differentiation of multiple cell layers. Gastrula (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
2. Embryo (2-8weeks) - rapid growth increase in cell #,, differentiation of stem cells to tissue
3. Fetus (weeks 9-40) - proportions change and functional development of tissue, organs, systems. Rapid growth in size and mass.

Question 3

What are congenital malformations?

Answer 3

Refers to an abnormal condition with which an infant is born.

Question 4

what are some causes of congenital malformations?

Answer 4

can be caused by radiation, chemicals, drugs, maternal substance abuse

Question 5

what is thalidomide?

Answer 5

a drug given to pregnant mothers for morning sickness

Question 6

What is the difference between fraternal and monozygotic twins?

Answer 6

monozygotic (identical) - The splitting of fertilized ovum, two identical zygotes

fraternal (dizygotic) - 2 eggs and 2 sperm

Question 7

A lower than normal head circumference may be indicative of what?

Answer 7

Mental retardation / variable degree of birth defects

Question 8

Name 4 factors that influence birth weight

Answer 8

1. Maternal energy intake
2. Maternal smoking
3. alcohol consumption
4. substance abuse

Question 9

describe how low birth weight may increase the incidence of diabetes

Answer 9

Low birth weight = stunned growth of pancreas = not many beta cells (in pancreas) = low capacity to produce insulin = pancreatic exhaustion and diabetes

Question 10

what is the difference between fat free mass and lean body mass?

Answer 10

fat free mass = composed of all the body’s not-fat tissue including bone, muscles, organs and connective tissue

Lean body mass = includes all fat-free mass along with essential fat

Question 11

what measurement is mostly used? fat free mass or lean body mass?

Answer 11

fat free mass model as lean body mass is difficult to measure

Question 12

Name 3 simple methods of determining cardiovascular risk that does NOT assess body composition

Answer 12

Waist to hip ratio
BMI
somatotype rating

Question 13

On average at what age do males have a body fat of 20.1% and females 24.3%?

Answer 13

age 9

Question 14

What health benefits are associated with increased aerobic fitness?

Answer 14

decrease cardiovascular risk
Increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels
increase QOL (Quality of life)