Revision powerpoint - Resp Flashcards
common causes of epiglottitis?
haemophilus influenza
strep
what causes whooping cough?
bordetella pertussis
name 5 atypical pneumonia causes
legionella mycoplasma coxiella burnetti chlamydia psittaci chlamydia pneumonia
who gets mycoplasma pneumonia?
children and young adults
how is chlamydia pneumonia contracted?
person to person spread
how is legionella pneumonia confirmed?
urine antigen testing
what are the signs of epiglottitis?
acute onset
drooling
croup
difficulty swallowing etc
what are the signs of whooping cough?
paroxysmal cough
inspiratory whoop
residual cough (months)
how is whooping cough treated?
antibiotics if cough <21 days (most effective under 7 days)
describe mycobacterium tuberculosis
thick waxy coat
acid/alcohol fast bacilli
what organism causes bronchiolitis?
90% due to RSV
what virus causes croup/laryngotracheobronchitits?
parainfluenza virus (types 1 or 3)
influenza A causes an epidemic and influenza B causes a pandemic, true or false?
false
influenza A causes pandemic due to antigenic shift
influenza B causes epidemic due to antigenic drift
how is RSV/bronchiolitis confirmed?
lab confirmation via PCR
what are the features of croup (viral laryngotracheobronchitis)?
stridor
barking cough
how is croup treated?
corticosteroids + inhaled epinephrine in severe cases
what causes pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)?
pneumocystis jirovecci
how is pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) treated?
co-trimoxazole or pentamidine
who is more likely to contract aspergillus fumigatus and what might this cause?
immunocompromised
can cause pneumonia and invasive disease
In normal people can cause aspergilloma (chest cavitation)
how is aspergillus fumigatus treated?
amphotericin B, vorconazole
possible surgery
what might be used to diagnose TB?
ZN stain mantoux test gamma interferon test sputum culture bronchoscopy PCR CXR Tuberculin test
how is a pneumothorax/tension pneumothorax diagnosed?
normal = CXR - expiratory film looking for lack of lung markings, check ABGs Tension = no time for X ray
if pneumothorax is small and asymptomatic does it need treatment?
no
treatment for large, tension or trauma/ventilation induced pneumothorax?
high flow oxygen
needle decompression - large bore venflon 2nd intercostal space mid clavicular line
pink frothy sputum?
pulmonary oedema
what can cause pulmonary oedema?
usually heart failure high altitude ARDS kidney failure lung damage
how is pulmonary oedema diagnosed?
CXR
ECG
ECHO
pulse oximetry
treatment for pulmonary oedema?
treat cause
oxygen
diuretic (furosemide)
nitrates
what are the classifications of PE?
massive with shock or syncope
major with right ventricular dysfunction
major with normal right ventricle
minor
name some signs of a PE?
tachypnoea hypotension tachycardia cardiorespiratory arrest fourth heart sound pleural rub oligma and consolidation on CXR sings of pleural effusion accentuated 2nd heart sound
PE causes a metabolic alkalosis, true or false?
false
causes a respiratory alkalosis
how is each classification on PE treated?
minor = anticoagulation
Major with normal RV = anticoagulation
Major with RV dysfunction = anticoagulation + thrombolysis
Massive with shock or syncope = thrombolysis or surgery
name 6 effects of invading cancer
recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy pericardium invasion pleural effusion pancoast tumour distended external jugular vein chest wall invasion
what may result from a tumour invading the pericardium?
breathlessness AF pericardial effusion oesophageal invasion dysphagia
what is a pancoast tumour?
brachial plexus invasion causing weakness and muscle wasting in the hand
how could a cancer cause a distended external jugular vein?
tumour may invade the SVC obstructing drainage of blood from arms and head causing it to back up into the external jugular
how might a distended external jugular vein present?
puffy eyelids
headache
which hormone does a small cell carcinoma produce?
ACTH
which hormone does a squamous cell carcinoma produce?
PTH
signs of type 1 hypersensitivity?
urticarial angioedema asthma allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis anaphylaxis
give some clinical examples of type 2 hypersensitivity?
blood transfusion reactions autoimmune haemolytic anaemia goodpastures syndromes myasthenia gravis gullian barre syndrome graves disease pemphigus vulgaris
what organisms cause farmer’s lung?
aspergillus fumigatus
micropolyspora faeni
SLE is an example of a type III hypersensitivity, true or false?
true
antibodies produced against contents of cell nuclei
form complexes deposited in small vessels in skin, joints and kidney (ya girl selena)
what mediates type 4 hypersensitivity?
T cells
primed during initial sensitisation
activated after another exposure, recruiting other WBCs resulting in release of proteolytic enzymes and persistant inflammation
give an example of a type 4 hypersensitivity
sarcoidosis
TB
nickel sensitivity
give 8 causes of pulmonary fibrosis
bleomycin/berrylium radiation extrinsic allergic alveolitis TB Sarcoidosis Ideopathic Ankylosing spondylitis asbestosis
ground glass appearance on CXR?
pulmonary fibrosis
respiratory distress syndrome of newborn
what is samter’s triad?
asthma
nasal polyps
salicylate sensitivity
= aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD)
what organism causes mucoid sputum?
chlamydia psittachi
where do cannonball metastases normally originate from?
kidney
snow storm appearance on x ray?
baritosis
silicosis
where in the lung to small cell and squamous cell cancers affect?
centrally
apical lesion?
assmann focus
swinging fever, copious foul smelling sputum?
lung abscess
