Endocrine Synap

Question 1

what are the 5 main treatment pathways for acromegaly?

Answer 1

trans sphenoidal surgery
somatostatin analogues (octreotide)
dopamine agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine)
GH antagonists (pegvisomant)
radiotherapy

Question 2

which genotypes are associated with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 2

HLA DQ2

HLA DQ8

Question 3

which thyroid cancer spreads via lymph nodes?

Answer 3

papillary thyroid carcinoma

Question 4

which thyroid cancer spreads via blood?

Answer 4

follicular thyroid carcinoma

Question 5

high refined sugar intake is a precipitating factor in which - DKA or HHS?

Answer 5

HHS

Question 6

how does HHS differ to DKA?

Answer 6

HHS

• more common in type 2 diabetics
• higher glucose levels
• lower ketone levels

Question 7

which autoimmune condition is associated with Addison’s disease?

Answer 7

vitiligo

Question 8

name 4 features of hypercalcaemia and how it is diagnosed?

Answer 8

polyuria
polydipsia
confusion
depression
PTH measurement

Question 9

hypercalcaemia can lead to the development of which kidney condition?

Answer 9

kidney stones

Question 10

name 2 causes of primary aldosteronism

Answer 10

Conns syndrome (adrenal adenoma)
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

Question 11

name 2 autoantibodies found in graves disease, which is more specific?

Answer 11

anti TPO

TSH receptor antibody

Question 12

what is the recommended HbA1c during pregnancy?

Answer 12

<43

Question 13

normal HbA1c?

Answer 13

<41

Question 14

target HbA1c for diabetics over and under 18s?

Answer 14

over 18 = <53

under 18 = <59

Question 15

recommended HbA1c before conception?

Answer 15

<48

Question 16

what HbA1c is diagnostic of diabetes?

Answer 16

> 48

Question 17

how is insulin synthesised?

Answer 17

pro-insulin formed by the rough ER
pro-insulin then cleaved to form insulin and C peptide
insulin is stored in secretory vesicles and released in response to Calcium

Question 18

describe insulin

Answer 18

peptide hormone

alpha and beta chain joined by a disulphide bond

Question 19

what causes graves disease>

Answer 19

formation of IgG antibodies against TSH receptor

Question 20

what type of tumour is described as the 10% tumour?

Answer 20

phaeochromocytoma

Question 21

familial cases of phaeochromocytoma are linked to what condition?

Answer 21

MEN

Question 22

how is phaeochromocytoma managed?

Answer 22

alpha then beta blockade

adrenalectomy

Question 23

where is calcium mostly absorbed?

Answer 23

distal convoluted tubule of the kidney