Endocrine Synap Flashcards
what are the 5 main treatment pathways for acromegaly?
trans sphenoidal surgery somatostatin analogues (octreotide) dopamine agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine) GH antagonists (pegvisomant) radiotherapy
which genotypes are associated with type 1 diabetes?
HLA DQ2
HLA DQ8
which thyroid cancer spreads via lymph nodes?
papillary thyroid carcinoma
which thyroid cancer spreads via blood?
follicular thyroid carcinoma
high refined sugar intake is a precipitating factor in which - DKA or HHS?
HHS
how does HHS differ to DKA?
HHS
- more common in type 2 diabetics
- higher glucose levels
- lower ketone levels
which autoimmune condition is associated with Addison’s disease?
vitiligo
name 4 features of hypercalcaemia and how it is diagnosed?
polyuria polydipsia confusion depression PTH measurement
hypercalcaemia can lead to the development of which kidney condition?
kidney stones
name 2 causes of primary aldosteronism
Conns syndrome (adrenal adenoma) bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
name 2 autoantibodies found in graves disease, which is more specific?
anti TPO
TSH receptor antibody
what is the recommended HbA1c during pregnancy?
<43
normal HbA1c?
<41
target HbA1c for diabetics over and under 18s?
over 18 = <53
under 18 = <59
recommended HbA1c before conception?
<48
what HbA1c is diagnostic of diabetes?
> 48
how is insulin synthesised?
pro-insulin formed by the rough ER
pro-insulin then cleaved to form insulin and C peptide
insulin is stored in secretory vesicles and released in response to Calcium
describe insulin
peptide hormone
alpha and beta chain joined by a disulphide bond
what causes graves disease>
formation of IgG antibodies against TSH receptor
what type of tumour is described as the 10% tumour?
phaeochromocytoma
familial cases of phaeochromocytoma are linked to what condition?
MEN
how is phaeochromocytoma managed?
alpha then beta blockade
adrenalectomy
where is calcium mostly absorbed?
distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
