Resp Bible Flashcards
where does the larynx become the trachea / the pharynx becomes the oesophagus?
C6
at which level does the trachea bifurcate?
T5-T7
carina
what is the lingual?
flap of tissue on the inferior medial edge of the left lung
which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
C3, 4, 5
what are the signs or horner’s syndrome?
ptosis (drooping eyelid)
Miosis (contriction of pupil)
Anhydrosis (failure of sweat glands)
which lung cancer cancer do non-smokers get?
adenocarcinoma
which antigen is present in squamous cell carcinoma?
P63
what is the rima glottidis?
narrowest part of the larynx
where foreign bodies tend to block
obstructive lung disease + raised eosinophils?
asthma
obstructive lung disease + raised neutrophils?
COPD
Asian man with fever, weight loss and night sweats?
TB
what test is done for legionella pneumonia?
urine antigen test
ABCDE of pulmonary oedema?
Alveolar bat's wings kerly B lines Cardiomegaly Dilated prominent upper lobe vessels pleural Effusion
ziehl nelson stain positive for acid fast bacilli?
TB
4 Cs of fibrosis?
Clubbing
Cough
Cyanosis
Crackles (fine inspiratory)
D sign on X ray?
empyema
type 1 resp failure?
hypoxia
type 2 resp failure?
hypoxia and hypercapnia
factors of exudate?
protein > 30
LDH > 200
factors of transudate?
protein < 30
LDH < 200
what are the signs of metabolic acidosis/diabetic ketoacidosis?
Type 1 diabetic not taking insulin and vomiting
dehydrated
deep laboured breathing
thumbprint on head X ray?
epiglottitis
what is the most common cause of epiglottitis?
H. influenza
how is epiglottitis treated?
ceftriaxone
don’t touch with tongue depressor
Increased ACE and calcium?
sarcoidosis
where is respiratory rhythm established?
medulla
which type of firing in the medulla initiates inspiration and expiration??
DIVE
dorsal = inspiratory
ventral = expiratory
how is breathing modified in the pons?
apneustic centre = prolongs inspiration (can cause apneustic breathing)
Pneumotaxic centre = inhibits inspiration
what is Henry’s law?
the volume of a gas is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with a liquid
what type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
what is coryza?
common cold
what epithelium lines each part of the respiratory tract?
respiratory epithelium = from nasal cavity to bronchi
Bronchioles = simple columnar
Alveoli - simple squamous
what is associated with chlamydiophila psittachi?
bird keeping
headache
mucoid sputum (white or grey)
what is associated with coxiella burnetti?
sheep farmer
Q fever
what is associated with legionella?
water on foreign holiday
GI upset
urine antigen testing
what is associated with mycoplasma pneumonia?
dry cough
young people
normal CXR
what is associated with klebsiella pneumonia?
rec currant jelly sputum
COPD/alcoholics/elderly
what is associated with pneumocystis carinni pneumonia?
HIV
AIDS
immunosuppressed
what is associated with strep pneumonia?
rusty sputum
what are the common causes of pneumonia in CF patients?
staph aureus
pseudomonas aeruginosa
what is associated with H. influenza?
COPD
alcoholics
elderly
what is associated with bordetella pertussis?
whooping cough
bronchopneumonia
what is associated with pseudomonas aeruginosa?
CF UTI GI Burns Scars Gram -ve bacillus
what are the signs of whooping cough?
high pitched gasp on inspiration following fit of coughing
similar symptoms to cold
what is bronchopneumonia?
pneumonia arising from the bronchi/bronchioles
stony dull percussion?
pleural effusion
Kerly B lines on CXR?
heart failure
Tram line shadowing?
bronchiectasis
Miliary shadowing?
Miliary TB
Wedge-shaped infarct?
PE
ground glass appearance?
fibrosis
honeycomb appearance?
fibrosis (late)
pleural mass with lobulated margin?
mesothelioma
signs of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
early onset emphysema plus liver disease
fever, cough, SOB hours after exposure to antigen (often farmer after hay exposure)
signs of CF?
recurrent chest infections
failure to thrive
possible steatorrhoea (pancreatic insufficiency)
Positive sweat test (NaCl >60)
signs of fibrosing alveolitis?
progressive dyspnoea and cyanosis
clubbing
fine end-inspiratory crackles
CXR = ground glass > honeycombing
signs of a lung abscess?
swinging fever
copious foul smelling sputum
persistent worsening pneumonia
cavitating lung(s)?
staph/klebsiella infection
rifampicin side effects?
hepatitis
orange secretions
deranged LFTs
isoniazid side effects?
hepatitis
peripheral neuropathy
Pyrazinamide side effects?
hepatitis
gout
ethambutamol side effects?
pain
colour blindness > blindness
which cancer gives off mucin?
adenocarcinoma
which cancer gives off ectopic hormone?
PTH = squamous ACTH = small cell
which investigation is used to look for bone metastases?
radionuclide bone scan
name a contra-indication for V/Q scan
pregnancy
what is the treatment for a large PE?
thrombolysis
what is the treatment for a small PE?
LMWH
what are the common characteristics of someone with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency?
young
non-smoker
possible liver damage
lung disease (COPD)
what is caplan’s syndrome?
combination of rheumatoid arthritis and pneumoconiosis
manifests in intrapulmonary nodules which are well defined on CXR
what is samter’s triad?
asthma
aspirin sensitivity
nasal polyps
(aspirin induced asthma)
what does the location of the emphysema tell you about the cause?
centriacinar = smoking panacinar = A1AT deficiency
pink puffer?
blue bloater?
pink puffer = emphysema
blue bloater = bronchitis
what is the commonest cause of bronchiolitis?
RSV
where is the middle lobe auscultated?
between right ribs 4 and 6
where are the oblique and horizontal fissures?
oblique = rib 6 horizontal = rib 4
what lies in the anterior intercostal spaces?
internal thoracic artery/vein
what lies in the posterior intercostal space?
thoracic aorta/azygous vein
