Principles

Question 1

what is Km?

Answer 1

concentration of substrate that gives half of the Vmax

Question 2

what is Vmax?

Answer 2

the maximum velocity of the reaction

Question 3

does haemoglobin follow michaelis menten?

Answer 3

no
its sigmoidal and allosteric
Myoglobin follows michaelies menten as its hyperboilic

Question 4

what do competitive/non-competitive do to Vmax?

Answer 4

Competitive – Vmax remains the same, but the Km will vary – an example of this is methanol poisoning
Non-competitive – Vmax varies but the Km will stay the same

Question 5

how does line weaver burk plot Vmax and Km accurately?

Answer 5

it plots them in a y=mx+c equation

Question 6

what is the key enzyme of glycolysis?

Answer 6

phosphofructokinase–uses 2 ATP, makes 4 ATP– net +2ATP

Question 7

what enzymes are responsible for entry/exit from TCA cycle?

Answer 7

entry = hexokinase
exit = pyruvate kinase

Question 8

which Ig is in mucosa and breast milk?

Answer 8

IgA

- particularly effective against polio

Question 9

which receptor does IgE bind to to bring about a response?

Answer 9

Fc receptors

Question 10

what is the most abundant Ig?

Answer 10

IgG

- crosses the placenta

Question 11

what is the first antibody produced in an infection?

Answer 11

IgM

Question 12

what produces exo/endotoxin?

Answer 12

gram -ve = exotoxin

gram +ve = endotoxin

Question 13

what antibiotic for gram +ve cover?

Answer 13

vancomycin

Question 14

what are mycin antibiotics (eg. clarithromycin) used for?

Answer 14

strep infections

Question 15

what is the inheritance pattern of CF?

Answer 15

autosomal reccessive

Question 16

what are the characteristics of an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern?

Answer 16

2 mutated copies, usually unaffected parents – carriers, not seen in every generation

Question 17

what is an oncogene? which types can cause cancer?

Answer 17

gene with potential to cause cancer via stimulated cell growth and inhibited cell death
Ras and Myc oncogenes

Question 18

what are the tumour suppressor genes?

Answer 18

P53 (mainly)
APC
BRCA1

Question 19

erection = parasympathetic stimulation
ejaculation = sympathetic stimulation, true or false?

Answer 19

true

Question 20

what cells produce insulating material in the PNS?

Answer 20

schwann cells

Question 21

what cells produce insulating cells in CNS?

Answer 21

oligodendrocytes

Question 22

what is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

Answer 22

homeostasis

Question 23

what is the function of microglia in CNS?

Answer 23

immune surveillance

Question 24

gram +ve cocci clusters?

Answer 24

staph

Question 25

gram +ve cocci in chains?

Answer 25

strep

alpha haemolytic = strep pneumonia

Question 26

what are beta lactams?

Answer 26

broad spectrum antibiotics that contain a beta lactam ring

• penicillin derivatives
• cephlasporins
• monobactams

Question 27

what is atrophy?

Answer 27

decrease in cell size

Question 28

is barrets oesophagus an example of meaplasia?

Answer 28

yes

change from squamous epithelial cells to columnar

Question 29

what is neoplasia?

Answer 29

new growth not in response to stimulus

can be begin, pemalignant or malignant

Question 30

when is neoplasia classed as malignant?

Answer 30

if it goes beyond the basement membrane

Question 31

what is dysplasia?

Answer 31

disordered growth outwith stimulus

higher the grade, lower the prognosis