Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Holy Grail Docs > Cardio Bible > Flashcards

Cardio Bible Flashcards

1
Q

what are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

dry cough

hyperkalaemi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when are ACE inhibitors contraindicated?

A

pregnancy

renal artery stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are tall tented T waves and wide QRS complexes indicative of?

A

hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does rib notching on CXR indicate?

A

coarctation of the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does radial-radial delay indicate?

A

aortic dissection/coarctation of aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

collapsing pulse?

A

aortic regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

slow rising pulse?

A

aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

crescendo-decrescendo murmur?

A

aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

who gets staph aureus endocarditis?

A

prosthetic valves

IV drug users

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

who gets strep viridans endocarditis?

A

post dental surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how is AF treated?

A 
treat underlying cause
Control ventricular rate with:
- Beta blocker/Ca blocker
- Add digoxin or amiodarone
Anticoagulate
- heparin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does clopidogrel work?

A

binds to P2Y12 receptor via disulphide bond so ADP cant bind, GP not expressed, reduced platelet aggregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does heparin work?

A

binds to AT3 and increases affinity for clotting factors to inactivate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

connection between pulmonary artery and descending aorta during foetal development to bypass the lungs
should close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a patent ductus arteriosus and what is the main sign of it?

A

connection between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta due to failure of the closure of ductus arteriousus
continuous machine like murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does strawberry milkshake coloured blood indicate?

A

hyperlipidaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which dermatome does the herpes zoster virus (shingles) affect?

A

rash at level T4/T5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme in the production of cholesterol?

A

HMG - CoA - Reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do cholesterol lowering drugs target?

Give an example?

A

HMG - CoA - Reductase enzyme

Statins = competitive inhibitor of HMG - CoA - Reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are 2 side effects of statins?

A

rhabdomyolysis (death of muscle fibres and contents released into blood affecting the kidneys)
myositis (inflammation of muscles of movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the symptoms of an AAA?

A

expansile pulsatile mass

central abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how is an AAA treated, depending on size?

A

only intervene if >5cm or grown more than 0.5cm in past 6 months/1cm in past year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

vessel dilated more than 50% of normal diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

true vs false aneurysm?

A 
true = vessel wall intact just swollen
false = breach in vessel wall, surrounding structures act as vessel wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

3 types of aneurysm?

A

saccular (berry)
fusiform (in line with artery)
mycotic (2ndary to infectious process, all 3 layers)

26
Q

how is AAA diagnosed?

A

Doppler US

CT ( better as shows whether ruptured)

27
Q

how is an AAA managed?

A

open repair

EVAR (better - excludes from inside artery)

28
Q

salvageable acute limb ischaemia?

A
  • 0-4 hrs
  • white foot
  • painful
  • sensorimotor deficit
29
Q

partly salvageable acute limb ischaemia?

A

4-12 hrs
mottled appearance
blanches on pressure

30
Q

non-salvageable acute limb ischaemia?

A 
>12 hrs
fixed mottling
non-blanching
paralysis
compartments tender/red
31
Q

what is the triad of diabetic foot problems and what can it cause?

A

diabetic neuropathy
peripheral vascular disease
infection
can cause necrosis, ulceration and gangrene

32
Q

what is kussmaul’s breathing?

A

sign of severe metabolic acidosis

indicated diabetic problem (eg. DKA)

33
Q

how is diabetic foot sepsis managed?

A

vascular surgical emergency - remove infected tissue

appropriate antibiotics

34
Q

how is diabetic foot sepsis managed?

A

vascular surgical emergency - remove infected tissue

appropriate antibiotics

35
Q

what is the main innervation of the heart at rest?

A

parasympathetic via vagus nerve (to keep the HR low)

36
Q

what effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart?

A

negative chronotropic effect

slows heart rate

37
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system innervate the heart and what effect does it have?

A

via adenosine B1 receptors

positive chronotropic effect (increases HR)

38
Q

what is the longest vein in the body?

A

great saphenous

39
Q

which artery supplys the SA node?

A

right coronary artery

40
Q

which artery supplies the AV node?

A

AV nodal branch of right coronary artery

41
Q

name a potassssium sparring diuretic

A

spironolactone

42
Q

what are the components of tetralogy of fallot?

A

RV hypertrophy
ventricular septal defect
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis

43
Q

which side of the heart is generally affected in IV drug users?

A

right side

44
Q

what are the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta?

A 
bronchial
oesophageal
mediastinal
pericardial
phrenic arteries
45
Q

what is the counter regulatory mechanism to the RAAS system?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

ANP

46
Q

what does ANP do?

A

released in response to atrial distension/hypervolaemia

acts as vasodilator and decreases renin release

47
Q

what is the carotid sinus?

A

dilated area at base of internal carotid just above bifurcation
detects stretching of walls for BP changes
monitors blood gas and pH

48
Q

what nerve innervates the carotid sinus?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

49
Q

a 4th heart sound is always pathological, true or false?

A

true

active filling of stiff ventricle by atrial contraction

50
Q

what does a 4th heart sound often indicate?

A

LVH

51
Q

what causes a splitting of the 2nd heart sound?

A

due to inspiration
pulmonary being behind aortic compartment
usually normal

52
Q

name 3 orally given anticoagulants

A

warfarin
digoxin
rivaroxaban

53
Q

which murmur is associated with AF?

A

mitral regurgitation

54
Q

what is the treatment for ventricular tachycardia?

A

adenosine/Ca blocker/Beta blocker
amiodarone
cardioversion

55
Q

what is atropine?

A

competitive antagonist of muscarinic ACh receptors

blocks parasympathetic reversing bradycardia after MI

56
Q

where does the azygous vein lie?

A

right side of thoracic vertebrae

loops around lung root

57
Q

which drug causes a slate grey rash as a side effect?

A

amiodarone

58
Q

what is metoclopramide?

A

antiemetic given for gastroparesis or post MI

59
Q

characteristics of aortic regurgitation?

A 
SOB/chest pain
high volume collapsing pulse
early diastolic
wide pulse pressure
left lower sternal edge leaning forward on expiration
60
Q

which murmur is associated with IV drug users?

A

tricuspid regurgitation

Holy Grail Docs (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions