Revision of basic concepts from previous years

Question 1

What is type 1 hypersensitivity

Example

Answer 1

IgE response to soluble antigens

eg allergic rhinitis, asthma, anaphylaxis

Question 2

What is type 2 hypersensitivity

Example

Answer 2

IgG or IgM response to antigen on cell surface

eg rheumatic heart disease, Grave’s

Tissue specific

Question 3

What is type 3 hypersensitivity

Example

Answer 3

IgG response to soluble antigens

eg SLE, RA

Non-tissue specific

Question 4

What is type 4 hypersensitivity

Example

Answer 4

T lymphocyte response

eg contact dermatitis, coeliac’s, chronic asthma/rhinitis

Question 5

Surgical sieve for deciphering causes of a condition

Answer 5

• Vascular
• Inflammatory/infection
• Trauma
• Autoimmune
• Metabolic
• Iatrogenic
• Neoplastic
• Congenital
• Degenerative
• Environmental
• Functional

Question 6

Difference between ester and amide anaesthetics

-how fast they are metabolised

Answer 6

Ester metabolised rapidly

Amide slowly metabolised

*if there are 2 “i”s in the name eg lidocaine, it’s an amide drug

Question 7

Difference between ester and amide anaesthetics

-what they are metabolised by

Answer 7

Ester metabolised by tissue and plasma cholinesterases

Amide metabolised by liver P450

Question 8

CNS side effects of local anaesthesia

Answer 8

• Numbness/paraesthesia of tongue, mouth, lips
• Metallic taste, light headedness, tinnitus
• Slurred speech, muscle twitching
• Grand mal convulsions, coma, apnoea

Question 9

CVS side effects of local anaesthesia

Answer 9

• Conduction of action potential through myocardium slowed
• Cardiac arrhythmias, which might progress to
• Cardiac arrest