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Stage 3: FOCP > Cardio week: Hx & Ex > Flashcards

Cardio week: Hx & Ex Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac causes of dyspnoea

A
  • heart failure
  • angina
  • PE
  • pulmonary hypertension
  • anaemia
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2
Q

Which group of people may experience silent heart attacks (no symptoms)

A

Diabetics

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3
Q

Cardiac causes of syncope

A
  • arrhythmias
  • postural hypotension
  • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • aortic stenosis
  • atrial myxoma
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4
Q

Causes of unilateral leg oedema

A
  • DVT
  • soft tissue infection
  • trauma
  • immobility
  • lymphoedema
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5
Q

Causes of bilateral leg oedema

A
  • Heart failure
  • chronic venous insufficiency
  • hypoproteinaemia
  • lymphatic obstruction
  • drugs
  • thiamine deficiency
  • immobility
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6
Q

Drugs that cause dyspnoea

A
  • beta blockers (for asthma, heart failure)
  • CCB
  • NSAIDs
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7
Q

Drugs that cause oedema

A
  • steroids
  • NSAIDs
  • CCB eg amlodipine
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8
Q

Drugs that cause angina

A
  • thyroxine

- drug induced anaemia (aspirin or NSAIDs)

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9
Q

What heart conditions are related to COPD

A
  • Atrial fibrillation

- Cor pulmonale

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10
Q

What heart conditions are related to cancer or cytotoxic drugs

A

Heart failure

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11
Q

What heart conditions are related to rheumatoid disease

A
  • Pericarditis

- Raynaud’s (associated with RA)

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12
Q

Cardiac causes of clubbing

A

BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS

ANY DISEASE FEATURING CHRONIC HYPOXIA

  • congenital cyanotic heart disease
  • atrial myxoma
  • tetralogy of fallot
  • other causes of R to L shunting
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13
Q

What are the 4 features of tetralogy of fallot

A
  1. Ventricular septal defect
  2. Pulmonary stenosis
  3. RV hypertrophy
  4. Overriding aorta
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14
Q

Signs of endocarditis on hands

A

Splinter haemorrhages, Janeway lesions, Osler’s nodes

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15
Q

What does a bounding pulse indicate

A

CO2 retention

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16
Q

What does a collapsing pulse/ water hammer pulse indicate

A

Aortic regurgitation

17
Q

What does radio-radial delay indicate

A

Coarctation of aorta

18
Q

What does unequal strength of pulse indicate

A

Aortic dissection

19
Q

What does slow rising pulse indicate

A

Aortic stenosis

20
Q

What kind of murmur does a malar flush indicate

A

Mitral stenosis

due to CO2 retention and its vasodilatory effects

21
Q

Where do you auscultate for:

  • mitral regurgitation
  • mitral stenosis
  • aortic regurgitation
  • aortic stenosis
A

-mitral regurgitation:
Diaphragm in axilla on expiration (roll left)

-mitral stenosis:
Bell at mitral valve

-aortic regurgitation:
Diaphragm on L LSE in expiration

-aortic stenosis:
Bell over carotids

22
Q

Cardinal symptoms in CVS examination

A
  • chest pain
  • shortness of breath
  • palpitations
  • dizziness
  • swelling
  • claudication
  • weight loss
  • fever
23
Q

What is unstable angina otherwise known as

A

Acute coronary syndrome

(this is an emergency).

Angina type symptoms but at rest

24
Q

In terms of blood pressure and heart size, what would you find with aortic stenosis

A

Narrow pulse pressure

LV hypertrophy

25
Q

Triad of cardinal symptoms in aortic stenosis

A

Chest pain (angina)
Syncope
Dyspnoea

26
Q

Aortic stenosis and Aortic regurgitation

Which cause widened/narrowed pulse pressure?

A

Aortic stenosis: narrowed pulse pressure

Aortic regurgitation: widened pulse pressure

27
Q

Important PMH to get in a cardiac history

+ what cardiac conditions the other conditions are related to

A
  • hypertension
  • high cholesterol
  • diabetes
  • kidney disease
  • hyperthyroidism (a fib)
  • chronic lung disease (a fib, cor pulmonale)
  • rheumatoid arthritis (raynaud’s phenomenon)
  • childhood: rheumatic fever (endocarditis), heart murmur
28
Q

What is coarctation of aorta

A

Congenital narrowing of aorta

29
Q

S1 + S2

-which coincides with the peripheral pulse

A

S1

30
Q

S1 + S2

-which coincides with the closure of which valves

A

S1: closure of M and T

S2: closure of A and P

Stage 3: FOCP (47 decks)

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