Reviewer #9 Flashcards
Prevent acute coronary events and reduce mortality in heart failure
ACE Inhibitors and ARBs
Interfere with production of angiotensin II, resulting in vasodilation and reduced circulating blood volume, resulting in decreased BP
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
ACE Inhibitor and ARBS shouldn’t be administered to
Women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy
This is important when administering ACE inhibitors intravenously
Infusion Pump
Following first dose of ACE and ARBs monitor BP for?
2 hours
This is a less concern for ARBs but ACE inhibitors can cause?
Hyperkalemia
Monitor WBC for potential?
Neutropenia
Acts on different portions of the kidney tubule to inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and water and promote their excretion
Diuretics
Diuretics promote potassium excretion, increasing the risk for?
Hypokalemia
Reduces symptoms and slows down progression of heart failure
Spironolactone
Spironolactone is classified as a
Aldosterone Receptor Blocker
Improves myocardial contractility by interfering with ATPase in the myocardial cell membrane and increasing the amount of calcium available for contraction
Digoxin
Withhold Digoxin and notify the doctor if heart rate is?
Below 60 BPM
Interferes with bloodflow to and from the heart
Valvular Heart Disease
Characteristic manifestation of vulvular disease
Murmur
Type of mitral insufficiency that occurs when one or both mitral valve cusps billow into the atrium during ventricular systole
Mitral Valve Prolapse
MVP cause is often?
Unclear or Idiopathic
MVP usually affects people with tissue disorders such as
Marfan Syndrome
MVPs symptoms is usually
Asymptomatic
Most common symptom of MVP
Atypical chest Pain
MVP increases the risk of
Bacterial Endocarditis
Progressive worsening of regurgitation can lead to?
Heart Failure
Thrombi may form on prolapsed valve leaflets; embolization may caused
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
Used routinely to diagnose vulvular dosease
Echocardiography
Used to assess contractility and to determine the pressure gradients across the heart valves
Cardiac Catheterization
Added to prevent clot and embolus formation, a common complication of atrial fibrillation as blood pools in the non contracting area
Anticoagulant Therapy
Invasive procedure performed in Cath lab and also the treatment of choice in symptomatic MVP
Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty
A general term for reconstruction or repair of a heart valve
Valvuloplasty
Three factors determine the outcome of Valve replacement surgery
- Heart function at the time of surgery
- Intraoperative and Postoperative care
- Characteristics and durability of replacement valve
Disorders that affect the heart muscle itself
Cardiomyopathies
These cardiomypathy is idiopathic
Primary Cardiomyopathy
Occur because of other processes, such as ischemia, infectious disease, exposure to toxins, connective tissue disorders, metabolic disorders or nutrition deficiency
Secondary Cardiomyopathy
Used to assess cardiac output and pressures in the cardiac chambers and pulmonary vesicular system
Hemodynamic Studies
Help identify changes in ventricular volume and mass, as well as perfusion deficits
Radionuclear Scans
Definitive treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy
Cardiac transplant
Transplantation is not a viable option for
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Used to support cardiac output until a donor heart is available
Ventricular Assist Devices
Is inserted to treat potential lethal arrhythmias
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
Inflammation of the heart muscle
Myocarditis
Myocarditis occurs at any age and is more common in
Men
Myocarditis is a common complication of
Rheumatic fever and Endocarditis
Myocarditis can also be an adverse effect of a common antipsychotic
Clozapine
Classic manifestations of acute pericarditis
Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and fever
This position reduces the discomfort by moving the heart away from the diaphragmatic side of the lung pleura
Sitting upright and leaning forward
A rapid build up of pericardial fluid does not allow the sac to stretch and can compress the heart this is known as
Cardiac Tamponade
Hallmark sign of cardiac tamponade is
Paradoxical Pulse or Pulsus Paradoxus
Scar tissue formation between the pericardial layers
Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis
Neck veins are distended and may be particularly noticeable during inspiration
Kussmauls sign
Done to remove fluid from the pericardial sac and is also an emergency procedure to a person with cardiac tamponade
Pericardiocentesis
Tension or pressure exerted by blood against arterial walls
Blood Pressure
Are released from atrial cells in response to stretching by excess blood volume
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Brain Natriuretic peptide
Peptide synthesized and released by endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the blood vessels. A potent vasodilator
Adrenomedullin
Promotes water retention and vasoconstriction, resulting in rise of bp
Vasopressin and Antidiuretic
Persistently elevated systemic blood pressure
Primary Hypertension or Essential Hypertension
Abnormal dilation of a blood vessel
Aneurysm
Allows vessel recoil, during which the vessel returns to its original size following systole
Elastin
Provides tensile strength of the vessel, preventing excessive dilation.
Collagen
Caused by slow weakening of the arterial wall due to long term, eroding effects of Atherosclerosis and Hypertension
True Aneurysm
Spindle shaped and tapered at both ends
Fusiform aneurysm
Involves the entire diameter of a vessel
Circumferential Aneurysm
Also known as traumatic aneurysms
False Aneurysm
Developed when a break or tear in the tunica intima and media allows blood to invade or dissect the layers of blood vessel wall
Dissecting Aneurysm
Usually result from weakening of the aortic wall by arteriosclerosis and hypertension.
Thoracic aortic Aneurysm
are associated with arteriosclerosis and hypertension.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
due to decreased blood flow to the lower extremity and include intermittent claudication (cramping or pain in the leg muscles brought on by exercise and relieved by rest), rest pain, and numbness.
popliteal aneurysm
usually is detected as a pulsating mass in the femoral area.
Femoral aneurysm
is a life-threatening emergency caused by a tear in the intima of the aorta with hemorrhage into the media.
Aortic dissection
Thoracic aortic Aneurysm may be treated with
Long term beta blockers therapy and antihypertensive drugs
An occlusive vascular disease in which small and mid-size arteries become inflamed and spastic, causing clots to form
Thromboangiitis Obliterans or Buergers disease
Characterized by intense episodes of vasospasm in the small arteries and arterioles of fingers and toes
Reynauds disease or Reynauds phenomenon
Reynauds disease is called the
Blue white red disease
Condition in which a blood clot forms on the wall of the vein
Venous thrombosis or Thrombophlebitis
Pain in the calf when foot is dorsiplexed
Positive homans sign
Performed when thrombi obstruct the femoral or iliac vein, potentially causing pulmonary embolism or gangrene.
Venous thrombectomy
When anticoagulation is unsuitable, a filter (e.g., Greenfield filter) is inserted into the vena cava to trap emboli while maintaining vena cava patency.
Recurrent thrombosis
Non-invasive, measures blood flow velocity in veins.
Duplex Venous Ultrasonography
Non-invasive, detects changes in venous blood flow.
Plethysmography
Non-invasive option to detect deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
MRI
Invasive, uses contrast medium to identify thrombus location and extent.
Ascending contrast venography
Cramping pain in feet or arms
Claudication
