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MS > Reviewer #5 > Flashcards

Reviewer #5 Flashcards

1
Q

A disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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2
Q

What is the rank of Chronic Respiratory Diseases in the leading causes of death in the PH according to the DOH?

A

7th place

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3
Q

The airflow limitation of COPD is both progressive and abnormal inflammatory response of lungs to noxious particles or gas, explain.

A

COPD worsens over time and structural changes happen in the airway in response to noxious particles and gas

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4
Q

People with COPD commonly become symptomatic during the middle adult years, and the incidence of COPD increases with age, why?

A

Since COPD is a disease that worsens over time, one may look unaffected but will reveal itself as time goes by

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5
Q

Since the symptoms of COPD starts of as mild people tend to associate them with?

A

Getting old

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6
Q

Its calling card is a nagging cough with plenty of mucus (phlegm). Inside the lungs, the small airways have swollen walls, constant oozing of mucus, and scarring.

A

Chronic Bronchitis

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7
Q

Typically, it is a sign of chronic bronchitis due to the body’s response to the build-up of phlegm

A

Smokers cough

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8
Q

Air sacs can’t expand and contract properly. In time, the damage destroys the air sacs, leaving large holes in the lungs, which trap stale air. This tend to cause great trouble exhaling.

A

Emphysema

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9
Q

The main test for COPD?

A

Spirometry

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10
Q

X-ray is not used to diagnose COPD but can be used to?

A

Help rule out conditions that cause similar symptoms, such as pneumonia.

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11
Q

In advanced COPD, a chest X-ray might show?

A

Lungs that are much larger than normal

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12
Q

Medications that relax the muscles of the airways to help keep them open and make it easier to breathe.

A

Bronchodilators

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13
Q

Work by blocking muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle. Medicine of choice for COPD

A

Anticholinergic

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14
Q

If bronchodilators don’t provide enough relief, people with COPD may take

A

Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in the airways

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15
Q

Severe COPD lowers oxygen in your blood so

A

Extra oxygen might be needed for the body

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16
Q

Surgical removal of a bulla, which is a dilated air space in the lung parenchyma measuring more than 1 cm.

A

Bullectomy

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17
Q

Reduction surgery remove the diseased parts of the lung, allowing the healthy tissue to perform better and making it easier.

A

Bullectomy and Lung Volume Reduction Surgery

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18
Q

Difference of Bullectomy to Lung Volume Reduction surgery

A

They both involve removing non-working air sacs. However, unlike the bullectomy, LVRS sometimes removes some good air sacs as well.

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19
Q

May help some people with the most severe COPD who have lung failure, but it can have serious complications.

A

Lung transplant

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20
Q

One of the best thing you can do if you have COPD

A

Walking

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21
Q

If 90% of people with COPD are current or former smokers and their disease usually appears after age 40, what are the remaining 10?

A

The remaining 10% are either second-hand smokers of people with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency

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22
Q

What is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency

A

It is a condition where the body does not produce enough AAT, a protein that protects the lungs and liver from damage.

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23
Q

Tobacco smoke destroys

A

Tiny hair-like cilia that normally repair and clean the airways and harms the lungs in other ways

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24
Q

Simply the most important step you can take for COPD

A

Quitting

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25
Q

A healthy diet is important for people with COPD

A

Overweight = Harder to breathe
Underweight = Makes you weak

26
Q

Many people with COPD also develop?

A

Lung cancer

27
Q

A disease of the airways, is defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each 2 consecutive years.

A

Chronic Bronchitis

28
Q

In many cases, smoke or other environmental pollutants irritate the airways, resulting in

A

Hypersecretion of mucus and inflammation

29
Q

This constant irritation causes the mucus-secreting glands and goblet cells to increase in number resulting in

A

Ciliary function is reduced, and more mucus is produced.

30
Q

The bronchial walls become thickened

A

the bronchial lumen is narrowed, and mucus may plug the airway.

31
Q

Pathognomonic sign of Chronic Bronchitis

A

Dyspnea at exertion

32
Q

Prolonged expiratory grunt in Chronic Bronchitis

A

Air Trapping: The airflow limitation leads to incomplete exhalation, causing air to remain trapped in the lungs. This can result in a grunt or forced expiration as the person struggles to expel trapped air.

33
Q

Scattered rales, rhonchi in Chronic Bronchitis

A

Rales are often caused by airway collapse or mucus plugging, especially in the smaller airways. Rhonchi are often present due to the excessive mucus production and airway narrowing.

34
Q

Anorexia in Chronic Bronchitis

A

COPD patients expend more energy on breathing due to airway obstruction and decreased lung function. This increased energy demand may lead to early satiety (feeling full quickly) and reduced appetite.

35
Q

Emphysema is an impaired gas exchange (oxygen, carbon dioxide) resulting from

A

Destruction of the walls of overdistented alveoli.

36
Q

A pathological term that describes an abnormal distention of the air space beyond the terminal bronchioles, with destruction of the walls of the alveoli.

A

Emphysema

37
Q
  • As the walls of the alveoli are destroyed (a process accelerated by recurrent infections), the alveolar surface are in direct contact with pulmonary capillaries continually decreases, causing an increase in dead space (lung area where no gas exchange can occur) and impaired oxygen diffusion, which leads to
A

Hypoxemia

38
Q

Suggests the development of cardiac failure in emphysema

A

Congestion, dependent edema, distended neck veins, or pain in the region of the liver

39
Q

There are main two types of emphysema, based on the changes taking place in the lung:

A
  1. Panlobular (Pancinar)
  2. Centrilobular (Centroacinar)
40
Q

There is destruction of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and the alveoli

A

Panlobular (Pancinar)

41
Q

Pathognomonic sign of emphysema

A

Barrel Chest

42
Q

To move air into and out of the lungs what is needed to do?

A

Negative pressure is required during inspiration, and an adequate level of positive pressure must be attained and maintained during expiration.

43
Q

Instead of being an involuntary passive act,

A

Expiration becomes active and requires muscular effort.

44
Q

Pathologic changes take place mainly in the center of the secondary lobule, preserving the peripheral portions of the acinus

A

Centrilobular (Centroacinar)

45
Q

Smoking depresses the activity of scavenger cells and affects the respiratory tract’s ciliary cleansing mechanisms, which

A

Keeps breathing passages free of inhaled irritants, bacteria and other foreign matter.

46
Q

Smoking also irritates the goblet cells and mucus glands, causing

A

Increased accumulation of mucus which in turn produces more irritation, infection, and damage to the lung.

47
Q

Carbon Monoxide (a byproduct of smoking) combines with hemoglobin that forms

A

Carboxyhemoglobin which are incapacitated to carry oxygen.

48
Q

COPD is characterized by three primary symptoms

A

Cough, sputum production, and dyspnea on exertion which may worsen over time.

49
Q

Often precede the development of airflow limitation

A

Chronic cough and sputum production

50
Q

Complications of COPD include

A

Pneumonia, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and cor pulmonale.

51
Q

The single most effective intervention to prevent COPD or slow its progression.

A

Smoking Cessation

52
Q

Diet for COPD patients

A

High Calorie, High Protein (CHON), Low Carbohydrates (CHO).

53
Q

LPM for COPD patients

A

1-3 LPM but 2 is the safest

54
Q

Giving high concetration of oxygen may result in

A

Absence of hypoxic drive to breathe

55
Q

In COPD, the carbon dioxide level in the blood is consistently high. This causes

A

Damage of the central chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies take up the work of breathing.

56
Q

Refer to patients with emphysema.

A

Pink Puffers

57
Q

Generalized edema

A

Anasarca

58
Q

Suppresses cough

A

Antitussive

59
Q

What do you call people with Chronic Bronchitis

A

Blue Bloaters

60
Q

In patients with emphysema, what typically appears in xray?

A

Hyperinflated lung and Flat diaphragm

61
Q

What is injected to people that the cause of COPD is due to AAT deficiency

A

Alpha protease

62
Q

High carbon dioxide in blood

A

Hypercapnia

MS (9 decks)

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