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MS > Reviewer #8 > Flashcards

Reviewer #8 Flashcards

1
Q

Generic term for disorders of the heart and blood vessels.

A

CardioVascular Disease (CVD)

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2
Q

Refers more specifically to an ischaemic pathology related to disease of the blood vessels, causing myocardial oxygenation issues.

A

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

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3
Q

Two main clinical forms of this CHD

A

Angina and Myocardial Infarction

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4
Q

Progressive disease characterised by atheroma
(plaque) formation, which affects the intimal and medial layers of large and midsize arteries.

A

Atherosclerosis

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5
Q

Myocardial cells become ischaemic when the oxygen supply is inadequate to meet metabolic demands.

A

Myocardial Ischemia

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6
Q

Coronary heart disease is manifested by

A

Angina pectoris, Acute coronary syndrome, or Myocardial infarction

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7
Q

Chest pain resulting from reduced coronary blood flow, which causes a temporary imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand

A

Angina Pectoris

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8
Q

Byproduct of anaerobic metabolism

A

Lactic Acid

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9
Q

How does lactic acid cause chest pain?

A

Stimulates nerve endings in the muscle, causing pain

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10
Q

Occurs when complete obstruction of a coronary artery interrupts blood supply to an area of myocardium. Affected tissue becomes ischaemic and eventually dies (infarcts) if the blood supply is not restored.

A

Myocardial Infarction

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11
Q

Specific indicators of myocardial infarction.

A

Elevated levels of Creatine Kinase and Cardiac specific troponins

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12
Q

Coronary heart disease is generally divided into two categories

A

Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome

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13
Q

Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease includes

A

Stable and unstable angina pectoris and silent myocardial ischaemia

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14
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome includes

A

Unstable Angina to Myocardial Infarction

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15
Q

Pain lasts a few minutes and occurs in a pattern, such as during exercise or stress and can be relieved by rest

A

Stable Angina

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16
Q

Pain can be stronger or last longer than stable angina and does not follow a pattern and is not relieved by rest

A

Unstable Angina

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17
Q

Almost always occurs when a person is at rest, usually between midnight and early morning.

A

Prinzmetals angina (Variant Angina)

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18
Q

Most common presenting symptom of CHD in women

A

Angina

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19
Q

Most common presenting symptom of CHD in men

A

Acute coronary syndromes and myocardial infarction

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20
Q

Pain in angina pectoris is defined as

A

Tight, squeezing, heavy pressure or constricting sensation.

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21
Q

The gold standard for evaluating the coronary arteries

A

Coronary Angiography

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22
Q

DOC for Angina

A

Nitrates (Nitroglycerin)

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23
Q

3 classes of drugs used in angina

A
  1. Nitrates
  2. Beta-blockers
  3. Calcium channel blockers
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24
Q

A condition of unstable cardiac ischaemia.

A

Acute coronary syndrome

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25
Q

Procedures may be used to restore blood flow and oxygen to ischaemic tissue

A

Revascularisation procedures

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26
Q

Procedures are used to restore blood flow to the ischaemic myocardium in the person with
CHD.

A

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Revascularisation

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27
Q

Surgery for coronary heart disease involves using a section of a vein or an artery to create a connection (or bypass) between the aorta and the coronary artery beyond the obstruction

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

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28
Q

2 types of atherosclerotic lesion

A
  1. Stable
  2. Unstable
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29
Q

Lesions progress by gradually occluding the vessel lumen

A

Stable atherosclerotic lesion

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30
Q

Prone to rupture and thrombus formation

A

Unstable atherosclerotic lesion

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31
Q

If nitrates doesnt work in angina it is

A

Myocardial Infarction

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32
Q

Depolarization is defined as

A

Contraction

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33
Q

Repolarization is defined as

A

Resting

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34
Q

Areas of skin that send signals to the brain through the spinal nerves.

A

Dermatome map

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35
Q

Technique to evaluate myocardial perfusion

A

Radionuclide testing

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36
Q

Usually caused by ulceration or rupture of a complicated atherosclerotic lesion.

A

Coronary occlusion

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37
Q

Disturbances or irregularities of heart rhythm,
and are the most frequent complication of MI.

A

Arrhythmias

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38
Q

Infarcted tissues are

A

Arrhythmogenic

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39
Q

These are common following an MI. May also be predictive of more dangerous arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation

A

Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)

40
Q

Immediate treatment goals for patient with MI

A
  1. Relieve chest pain
  2. Reduce the extent of myocardial damage
  3. Maintain cardiovascular stability
  4. Decrease cardiac workload
  5. Prevent complications
41
Q

A platelet inhibitor, now considered an essential part of treating AMI

A

Aspirin

42
Q

Pain relief is vital in managing the care of a person with AMI so these drugs are used

A

Analgesia

43
Q

DOC for pain unrelieved by glyceryl trinitrate and for sedation

A

Morphine Sulfate

44
Q

Drugs that dissolve or break up blood clots, are first of line drugs for AMI

A

Thrombolytic therapy

45
Q

Mechanical circulatory support device that may be used after cardiac surgery or to treat cardiogenic shock following MI.

A

Inta-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) or Intra-Aortic Balloon Counter Pulsation

46
Q

Long term program of medical evaluation, exercise, risk factor modification, education and counselling designed to limit the physical and psychological effects of cardiac illness and improve quality of life.

A

Cardiac Rehabilitation

47
Q

A complex syndrome caused by conditions that impair the ejection of oxygen and nutrient rich blood from ventricles.

A

Heart Failure

48
Q

Heart failure is a long term effect of?

A

Coronary Heart Disease and Myocardial Infarction

49
Q

Amount of blood pumped from the ventricles in 1 minute

A

Cardiac Output

50
Q

Ability of the heart to increase CO to meet metabolic demand

A

Cardiac Reserve

51
Q

Cardiac Output is a product of?

A

Heart rate and Stroke volume

52
Q

The volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat, determined by preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility

A

Stroke Volume

53
Q

Volume of blood in the ventricles at end diastole.

A

Preload

54
Q

Force needed to eject blood into the circulation.

A

Afterload

55
Q

Natural ability of cardiac muscle fibers to shorten during systole.

A

Contractility

56
Q

Percentage of blood in the ventricle that is ejected during systole. Normal fraction is 60%

A

Ejection Fraction (EF)

57
Q

The greater the stretch of cardiac muscle fibers, the greater the force of contraction

A

Frank Starling Mechanism

58
Q

RAAS

A

Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System

59
Q

Occurs as existing cardiac muscle cells enlarge, increasing their contractile elements (actin and myosin) and force of contraction.

A

Ventricular Hypertrophy

60
Q

Occurs when the ventricle fails to contract adequately to eject a sufficient blood volume into the arterial system.

A

Systolic Failure

61
Q

Results when the heart cannot completely relax in diastolic filling decreases, increasing the importance of atrial contraction to preload.

A

Diastolic Failure

62
Q

Which side of heart failure is more dangerous?

A

Left Sided Heart Failure

63
Q

Can left sided heart failure cause right sided one?

A

Yes but not vice versa

64
Q

The greatest risk in the first hour after MI

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

65
Q

Abnormal slow rhythms

A

BradyArrhythmia

66
Q

Weakening and bulging of the ventricular wall.

A

Ventricular Aneurysm

67
Q

Backflow of blood into the atria during systole

A

Regurgitation

68
Q

Inflammation of the pericardial tissue surrounding the heart

A

Pericarditis

69
Q

Ability of pacemaker cells to spontaneously initiate an electrical impulse (action potential).

A

Automaticity

70
Q

Ability of myocardial cells to respond to stimuli generated by pacemaker cells.

A

Excitability

71
Q

Ability to transmit an impulse from cell to cell.

A

Conductivity

72
Q

Inability of cardiac cells to respond to additional stimuli immediately following depolarisation.

A

Refractoriness

73
Q

Ability of myocardial fibres to shorten in response to a stimulus.

A

Contractility

74
Q

Primary pacemaker of the heart

A

SA Node

75
Q

A phenomenon of normal and slow conduction, is a major cause of tachyarrhythmias.

A

Re-entry phenomenon

76
Q

Normal heart rhythm

A

Normal Sinus Rhythm

77
Q

Breakdown of cells

A

Lyse

78
Q

Condition in which the person awakens at night acutely short of breath

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

79
Q

Condition in which the person awakens at night acutely short of breath

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

80
Q

Voiding more than one time at night

A

Nocturia

81
Q

Main problem for left sided heart failure

A

Pulmonary congestion

82
Q

Main problem for right sided heart failure

A

Anasarca

83
Q

Main drug classes used to treat heart failure

A

Angiotensin-Converting Enzymes (ACE), Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB), Beta-Blockers, Diuretics, Inotropic

84
Q

Coronary Heart Disease is usually caused by?

A

Atherosclerosis

85
Q

Classic manifestation of MI

A

Pain

86
Q

In giving diuretics it is important to check for?

A

Blood Pressure

87
Q

Patients with CHF needs daily monitoring of?

A

Weight

88
Q

Type of angina that develops due to coronary artery spasm

A

Prinzmetal angina

89
Q

Primary test used to establish diagnosis of ACS

A

Electrocardiogram

90
Q

In episodes of angina what changes happen in the ECG result?

A

ST segment sloping down

91
Q

Drug that has electrophysiological effects. Slows conduction through AV node decreasing heart rate and reducing oxygen consumption

A

Digoxin

92
Q

Antidote for digoxin

A

Digibind

93
Q

Common side effect of Nitrates

A

Headache

94
Q

What does MI show in ECG

A

Elevated ST segment

95
Q

STEMI meaning

A

ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction

96
Q

DOC for CHF

A

Digoxin

97
Q

Digoxin is classified as

A

Positiove Inotropics

MS (9 decks)

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