Reviewer #1 Flashcards
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa or cavity also the most COMMON URT disorder
Rhinitis
2 Classifications of rhinitis
Infectious or Non-infectious
Why is rhinitis the most common?
Due to constant exposure of the URT to the environment makes it susceptible to disorders.
Example of infectious rhinitis
Viral rhinitis or Common cold
Example of non-infectious rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis
Can spread via aerosolized droplet nuclei during sneezing or coughing. It’s patients are highly contagious also known as “Common cold”
Acute Viral Rhinitis
A communicable infectious virus that causes inflammation of the nasal mucosa or rhinitis.
Human Rhinovirus (HRV)
Rhinovirus got it’s name due to? and what are the most common symptoms it causes?
Rhino means nose, most common symptoms causes a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing, as well as sore throat and cough
Rhinovirus belongs to what family?
Picornaviridae family of viruses
Rhinovirus are deemed naked because?
Because it’s capsid isn’t covered by a lipid membrane
Why does the rhinovirus typically not infect the GI tract or spread to fecal to oral route?
It is because rhinovirus is acid labile meaning the stomach acid can destroy it
Rhinovirus commonly infects?
The epithelium of the respiratory mucosa that lines the nasal cavity
How long does rhinovirus survive for?
2 hours on the skin and 4 days on surfaces
A symptomatic disorder of the nose that is induced by an Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated inflammatory response
Allergic rhinitis
Most common aggravating factors or allergic rhinitis are?
Foods, Pollen, and Animal dander
Allergic rhinitis triad of symptoms
- The allergic shiner, darkening of the lower eyelids due to suborbital edema
- The allergic crease, a transverse line above the tip and below the bridge of the nose
- The allergic salute, frequent wiping of the nose with the palm of the hand
If the leukocyte is eosinophils, what is present?
Allergic Rhinitis
If the leukocyte is Neutrophil, what is present?
Viral rhinitis
What is the main purpose of treatment for the common cold?
Since it has no cure the treatments aim is to decrease the impact of symptoms and prevent secondary bacterial infection.
Medication that promotes vasoconstriction, reduces inflammation and edema of nasa mucosa and relieving nasal congestions
Decongestants
Medication that relieves the systematic effect of histamines and dry respiratory secretions through an anticholinergic effect
Antihistamines
Inflammation of the parasinuses 7-10 days duration
Acute Sinusitis
Prolonged nasal congestion and inflammation leads to what?
Acute Sinusitis
Acute sinusitis signifies what?
A bacterial infection of the sinuses
Acute rhinitis predisposes the development of?
Sinusitis due to constant inflammation within the sinus cavities
Other cause of sinusitis?
Smoking, structural problems of the nose, narrowed passageway, deviated septum, tumors or polyps
Physical findings that suggests sinusitis
- Purulent nasal secretions l
- Increased posterior pharyngeal secretions
- Mucosal erythema
- Periorbital edema
- Tenderness overlying sinuses
Patients with sinusitis often complain of
- Unilateral face pain
- Purulent nasal discharge
- Pain during mastication
- Anosmia
- Headache
- Fever
- Nasal congestion
- (rare) halitosis, toothache, metallic taste or cough
An infection of the sinuses that persists for 3 to 8 weeks but can continue for months or even years
Chronic Sinusitis
Sinusitis is rarely life threatening but serious complications can occur due to?
Proximity to the orbital and cranial cavities
What leads to chronic sinusitis?
Inflammation or obstruction that prevents normal progression of drainage from the sinus cavities
Complications of sinusitis?
Periorbital cellulitis, dental abscess, meningitis, encephalitis
X-ray of the sinuses used to detect congestion in the maxillary sinus cavities
Water’s view
An inflammation of the throat or pharynx primarily caused by infection
Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis is commonly caused by viral infections, but some bacteria are capable of producing infection like
Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococci
Incubation phase of pharyngitis upon exposure to organisms is?
2 to 5 days
Communicability of the disease is greater during?
Acute phase
Presenting symptoms of pharyngitis
Sore throat and pain when swallowing
Symptoms that are generally more pronounced in streptococcal pharyngitis
Fever and Cervical adenopathy
Pharyngitis predictors
Tonsillitis exudates, tender anterior cervical lymph nodes, hx of fever and absence of cough
Viral pharyngitis is treated with?
Analgesic, antipyretics, and supportive care
If the cause of pharyngitis is GABHS, what is the treatment of choice?
IM Benzathine Penicillin G
What kind of diet is provided during the acute stage of pharyngitis?
A liquid or soft diet
What are used depending on the severity of the lesion and degree of the pain.
Warm saline gargles or Irrigations
What can relieve sore throats
Ice collar
What may add greatly to the patient’s comfort and prevent the development of fissure of the lips and oral inflammation when bacterial infection is present.
Mouth care
Acute inflammation of the tonsils
Tonsilittis
Tonsilittis is usually?
Streptococcal infection
The incidence of streptococcal infections is greatest in
Cold climates
Viral infections tonsilittis are communicable for
2-3 days
Tonsilittis symptoms usually resolve within
3-10 days
Surgical removal of the tonsil
Tonsillectomy
Medicine used for pain relief used in Tonsillectomy
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Peritonsilar abscess is also known as?
Quinsy
Localized accumulation of pus in the peritonsilar tissues that forms as a result of suppurative tonsillitis
Peritonsilar abscess
Uncommon disorder that presents as a medical emergency
Epiglottitis
Using a tongue blade to view the oropharynx is
Avoided, and a laryngoscope is used
Inflammation of the Larynx
Laryngitis
Acute laryngitis is self-limiting, but if it lasts for more than 3 weeks
It is chronic laryngitis
Primary symptoms of laryngitis
Change in voice, Hoarseness, Dysphonia or Aphonia
