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Reviewer #10 Flashcards

1
Q

Fluids and electrolyte balance ivolves composition and movement of

A

Body Fluids

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2
Q

Body fluids are solutions composed of

A

Water and Solutes

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3
Q

Body water refers to

A

Water alone

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4
Q

Refers to the state of internal equilibrium within the body when all body systems are in balance

A

Homeostasis

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5
Q

Liquids containing dissolved subtances

A

Solutions

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6
Q

Liquid that contains a substance in a solution

A

Solvents

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7
Q

Substances dissolved in a solution

A

Solutes

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8
Q

Solutions are classified according to their

A

Concentration and Tonicity

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9
Q

Solution which has less osmotic pressure externally as that found across the semi-permeable membrane within the cell

A

Isotonic solution

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10
Q

Examples of Isotonic Solution

A

Normal Saline 0.9%
D5W
Lactated Ringers
Normosol R

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11
Q

Body fluid is this type of solution

A

Isotonic Solution

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12
Q

Solution which has less osmotic than that of blood serum causing cells to expand and swell

A

Hypotonic Solution

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13
Q

Example of Hypotonic Solution

A

Sodium Chloride 0.45%

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14
Q

Solution which has higher osmotic pressure than that of blood serum causing cells to shrink

A

Hypertonic Solution

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15
Q

Examples of Hypertonic Solution

A

D5% in Saline
D10% in Saline
D5% in 1/2 strength saline
D20% in Water

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16
Q

Body consists of

A

Lean tissue, Fat, and Water

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17
Q

Lean portion are primarily

A

Muscle mass and has about 75% water

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18
Q

Fat tissues is essential

A

ANHYDROUS (no water)

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19
Q

In women, body water accounts for

A

45-50% of total body weight

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20
Q

In men, body water accounts for

A

60% of total body weight

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21
Q

In infant, body water accounts for

A

80% of total body weight

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22
Q

Fluid within the cell

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

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23
Q

All the fluids outside the cell wall

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

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24
Q

Refers to fluid between or surrounds the cell

A

Interstitial Fluid

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25
Q

Total blood volume represents about 8% of an adults body weight, (blood plasma serum) within the vessel

A

Intravascular Fluid

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26
Q

Formed by cellular activity includes fluid in peritoneal, CSF, pleura, synovial fluids.

A

Transcellular Fluid

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27
Q

Capability of a substance, molecule, or ion to diffuse through a membrane

A

Permeability

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28
Q

Selective permeable (all membranes in the body allow some solutes to pass through the membrane without restriction but will prevent the passage of other solutes

A

Semipermeable

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29
Q

Two main functions of water

A

1, Acts as a solvent for the essential nutrients so that they can be used by the body
2. Transport nutrients and oxygen from the blood to the cells and to remove waste material and other substances from the cells back to the blood so they can be excreted by the body

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30
Q

Water is needed by the body to

A
  1. Give shape and form to the cells
  2. Regulate body temperature
  3. Act as a lubricant in joints
  4. Cushion body organs
  5. Maintain peak physical performance
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31
Q

Positively charged electrolytes are called

A

Cations

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32
Q

Major cations in body fluid are

A

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Hydrogen

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33
Q

Negatively charged electrolytes are called

A

Anions

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34
Q

Major anions in body fluid are

A

Chloride, Phosporus, and Bicarbonate

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35
Q

Functions of electrolyte

A

1, Promote neuromascular irritability
2. They maintain body fluid osmolarity
3. They regulate acib base balance
4. They regulate the distribution of body fluids among body fluid compartment

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36
Q

Major cation in ECF

A

Sodium

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37
Q

Major cation in ICF

A

Potassium

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38
Q

The chemical combining power of electrolytes is measured in

A

Milli equivalent (meq)

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39
Q

Measurement of solute concentration in body fluid is based on the fluids

A

Osmotic Pressure

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40
Q

The physiological forces that affect the movement of body fluid through cell walls and capillaries

A

Movement of body fluids

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41
Q

Involve chemical activity and the release of energy

A

Active transport

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42
Q

Do not involve chemical activity or use of energy

A

Passive transport

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43
Q

Substance move from an higher area of concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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44
Q

Water molecules move from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

A

Osmosis

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45
Q

Force a liquid exert on the sides of the container that holds it. The force of fluid presses outward against the blood vessel wall

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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46
Q

Movement of fluid between the intravascular and interstitial compartment, based on the number of solute particles on the concentrated side and presence of a semipermeable membrane

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

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47
Q

Movement of fluid through a semipermeable membrane from an area with higher hydrostatic pressure to an area with lower hydrostatic pressure created an outward gain of fluid in the interstitial space

A

Filtration

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48
Q

The total daily intake of water is approximately

A

2500ml

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49
Q

Intracellular dehydration stimulates the hypothalamus to initiate

A

Thirst sensation

50
Q

Water is excreted throught the

A

Kidneys, Skin, Lungs, and GI Tract

51
Q

Losses that are through the urine

A

Sensible Losses

52
Q

Losses that include water, lost through the skin, respiratory system and GI Tract

A

Insensible Losses

53
Q

Minimum sodium daily requirement

54
Q

Normal serum sodium concentration in ECF

A

135-146 meq/L

55
Q

Normal sodium concentration in the ICF

56
Q

The kidneys mainly regulate Na balance through

A

Aldosterone Action

57
Q

Sodium excess are primarily eliminated by the?

58
Q

Normal serum potassium concentration in the ECF

A

3.5-5.5 meq/L

59
Q

Normal potassium concentration in the ICF

A

150-155 meq/L

60
Q

The average daily intake of potassium

A

60-100 meq/L

61
Q

Minimum potassium is about

62
Q

K must be ingested daily because

A

The body does not conserve it

63
Q

If the kidneys eliminate about 80% of ingested K, how many are lost in each liters of urine?

64
Q

How many potassium are lost in each liter of GI fluid?

65
Q

Aldosterone secretion leads to?

A

Renal NA absorption and K excretion

66
Q

Most abundant electrolyte in the body?

67
Q

Major cation involved in the structure and function of teeth and bones

68
Q

Ca and P have an

A

Inverse Relationship

69
Q

Normal serum Calcium concentration in the ECF

A

4.5-5 meq/L

70
Q

Normal calcium concentration in the ICF

71
Q

Recommend dietary intake of Ca

A

800-1000 mg daily

72
Q

Promotes calcium absorption

73
Q

Inhibits Calcium absorption

A

Phosphorus (P)

74
Q

Major cations in the ICF, closely related to Ca and P

A

Magnesium (M)

75
Q

Normal serum magnesium concentration in the ECF

A

1.5-2.5 meq/L

76
Q

Normal magnesium concentration in the ICF

A

27-29 meq/L

77
Q

Mg levels in the body are largely controlled by the

78
Q

The kidneys can conserve Mg efficiently, restricting losses to

79
Q

Major anion in the ECF

80
Q

Normal serum chloride concentration in the ECF

A

96-106 meq/L

81
Q

Normal chloride concentration in the ICF

82
Q

Chloride deficits leads to

A

Potassium deficit and vice versa

83
Q

Decreased chloride levels result to

A

Increase HCO3

84
Q

Major anion in the ICF

A

Phosphorus

85
Q

Normal serum phosphorus concentration in the ECF

A

2.5-4.5 meq/L

86
Q

Normal phosphorus concentration in the ICF

87
Q

Phosphorus is regulated by the

A

PTH and activation of Vitamin D

88
Q

How much phosphorus is excreted in urine daily

89
Q

Kidneys are primarily referred to as the

A

Master Chemist

90
Q

How much plasma is filtered by the kidney and how much urine is excreted out

A

175 liters of plasma and 1.5 liters of urine

91
Q

Responsible in pumping and carrying nutrients and water throughout the body

A

Cardiovascular system

92
Q

Regulates O2 and CO2 levels of the blood, important in maintaining acid balance

93
Q

Also known as the great Na conserver of the body

A

Pituitary gland

94
Q

Maintains osmotic pressure of the cells by controlling renal water retention or excretion

95
Q

Releases thyroxin, which increases bloodflow to the body

A

Thyroid gland

96
Q

Secretes parathormone, which regulates the level of Ca in the ECF

A

Parathyroid gland

97
Q

Absorbs water and nutrients that enter the body through this route

98
Q

Acts as a switch board

A

Nervous system

99
Q

The thirst center is located in the

A

Hypothalamus

100
Q

Refers to the homeostasis of hydrogen ion concentration in the ECF

A

Acid - Base balance

101
Q

Used to indicate hydrogen ion concentration of bodily fluids

102
Q

Normal pH range in ECF

A

7.35 to 7.45

103
Q

Substance that donates hydrogen ions (Donor)

104
Q

If hydrogen ions increase

A

The fluid becomes acidic

105
Q

A substance that accepts hydrogen ions (Acceptor)

106
Q

If hydrogen ions decrease

A

The fluid becomes alkaline

107
Q

The bodys three main control system that regulates acid base balance to counter acidosis or alkalosis

A
  1. The buffer systems
  2. Respiration
  3. Renal control of hydrogen ion concentration
108
Q

Solution containing two or more chemical compounds that prevents marked changes in hydrogen ions concentration when either acid or base is added to a solution

A

Buffer System

109
Q

Primary buffer system of the body

A

Carbonate system

110
Q

The carbonate system is a mixture of

A

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) and Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

111
Q

Helps to stabilize pH by combining reversibly with hydrogen ions

A

Bicarbonate system

112
Q

Helps maintain acidbase balance by controlling the content of CO2 in the ECF

A

Respiratory buffer system

113
Q

The carbon in foods is iodized by the oxygen to form

A

Carbon dioxide

114
Q

If H2CO3 increases, kidney excrete more

A

Bicarbonate ions make urine more alkaline

115
Q

If hydrogen ions increase the urine becomes

116
Q

Carbonic acid excess, characterized by increased H ion concentration

A

Respiratory acidosis

117
Q

Drugs that risk the patient for respi acidosis

A

Narcotics, Barbiturates, and Anesthetic agents

118
Q

Carbonic acid deficit, characterized by decreased H ion concentration

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

119
Q

Bicarbonate deficit, characterized by an increased H ion concentration

A

Metabolic Acidosis

120
Q

2 categories of causes of the Metabolic acidosis

A

Loss of base and gain in metabolic acid

121
Q

Respiration compensation response to metabolic acidosis, classified in increase in respiration and depth

A

Kussmaul’s breathing

122
Q

Bicarbonate Excess, Characterized by an increase loss of acid from the body or a gain in base.

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

MS (11 decks)

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