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MS > Reviewer #2 > Flashcards

Reviewer #2 Flashcards

1
Q

The overall exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, the blood and the cells

A

Respiration

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2
Q

They share equal the responsibility of supplying oxygen to and elimination carbon dioxide from cells

A

Cardiovascular and Respiratory system

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3
Q

The openings into the external nose are called?

A

Nostrills or External nares

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4
Q

The internal nose connects with the throat or pharynx via?

A

The two internal nares

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5
Q

The nose is separated into a right and left nasal cavity by?

A

Nasal septum

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6
Q

Filter out large dust particles in the air

A

Coarse hair

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7
Q

The internal nose has three shelves formed by the turbinate bones

A
  1. Superior meatus
  2. Middle meatus
  3. Inferior meatus
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8
Q

The olfactory receptors are found in

A

Superior meatus

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9
Q

The internal nose has three functions

A
  1. Air is warmed, moistened, and filtered.
  2. Olfactory stimuli are detected.
  3. Large hollow resonating chambers are provided for speech sounds.
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10
Q

The pharynx or throat has two functions

A
  1. Passageway for both food and air.
  2. Forms resonating chambers for speech sound
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11
Q

The Pharynx is divided into 3 parts

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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12
Q

The nasopharynx has four openings in it’s walls

A

2 internal nares and opening of the 2 eustachian tubes

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13
Q

The nasopharynx also houses the?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

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14
Q

The oropharynx has one opening called?

A

The fauces or connection to the mouth

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15
Q

The oropharynx houses the?

A

Palatine and Linguinal tonsils

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16
Q

The laryngopharynx posterior connection is with the?

A

Esophagus

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17
Q

The laryngopharynx anterior connection is with the?

A

Larynx

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18
Q

The walls of the larynx are supported by nine pieces of cartilage; three are single and three are paired.

A

Single
1. Epiglottis
2. Thyroid
3. Cricoid
Paired
1. Arytenoids
2. Corniculates
3. Cuneiforms

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19
Q

Also called the adams apple usually larger in men and is the largest single piece.

A

Thyroid cartillage

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20
Q

A large, single leaf-shaped piece of cartilage that pulls down over the glottis when we swallow, to keep food or liquids from getting into the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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21
Q

A single ring of cartilage that connects with the first tracheal ring.

A

Cricoid cartillage

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22
Q

Ladle shaped and are attached to the vocal cords and laryngeal muscles. (Production of different voice qualities)

A

Arytenoids cartillage

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23
Q

Cone shaped cartillage

A

Corniculates cartillage

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24
Q

Rod shaped cartillage

A

Cuneiform cartillages

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25
Q

The mucous membrane of the larynx is arranged in two pairs of folds

A
  1. Vestibular fold
  2. Vocal fold
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26
Q

The upper pair of folds also known as false vocal cord

A

Vestibular fold

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27
Q

The lower pair of fold also known as true vocal cord

A

Vocal fold

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28
Q

The opening over the true vocal cords

A

Glottis

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29
Q

Air coming from the lungs causes the vocal cords to

A

Vibrate and produce sounds

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30
Q

Pitch is controlled by

A

Tension on true vocal chords

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31
Q

The higher the tension?

A

The higher the pitch

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32
Q

Also called voice box

A

The larynx

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33
Q

Also called the windpipe

A

Trachea

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34
Q

Size of the trachea and where is it located

A

4.5 inch and located anterior to the esophagus

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35
Q

The epithelium of trachea is

A

pseudostratified, ciliated columnar cells with goblet cells that produce mucus, and basal cells.

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36
Q

Its smooth muscles and connective tissue are encircled by

A

Incomplete rings hyaline cartilage shaped like a stack of Cs.

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37
Q

The open part of the Cs faces

A

Esophagus and allow it to expand to the trachea when swallowing

38
Q

The closed part of the Cs forms a solid support to prevent

A

Collapse of the tracheal wall

39
Q

If a foreign object gets caught in the trachea

A

A cough reflex expels it

40
Q

Right primary bronchi branches to right lung while

A

Left primary bronchi branches to the left lung

41
Q

The primary bronchi branch into

A

Secondary or lobar bronchi that goes in the lobes of the lung

42
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

43
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have

A

2

44
Q

The secondary bronchi branch into

A

Tertiary or segmental bronchi which branch into segments of the lobes of the lungs

45
Q

Tertiary or segmental bronchi branch into

A

Smaller branches called bronchioles

46
Q

Bronchioles finally branch into the smallest branches called

A

Terminal bronchioles

47
Q

The bronchi resembles a tree and its branches it is referred to as

A

Bronchial tree

48
Q

Encloses and protects each lung

A

Pleural membranes

49
Q

Pleural membrane is composed of two layers of serous membranes:

A
  1. Parietal pleura (outer)
  2. Visceral pleura (inner)
50
Q

The pleural cavity contains a lubricating fluid to prevent

A

Friction as lungs expand and contract during breathing

51
Q

The segment of lung tissue that each tertiary or segmental bronchi supplies is called a

A

Bronchopulmonary segment

52
Q

Bronchioles are further divided into

A

2-11 alveolar ducts or atria

53
Q

Around the circumference of the alveolar ducts are

A

Alveoli and Alveolar sacs

54
Q

Grapelike out pouching of epithelium and elastic basement membrane surrounded externally by capillary network

A

Alveoli

55
Q

Two or more alveoli that share a common opening

A

Alveolar sac

56
Q

The microscopic membrane through which the respiratory gases move is

A

Alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane

57
Q

The diaphragm is shaped like a?

A

Parachute

58
Q

The thorax consists of how many ribs?

A

12 set of ribs

59
Q

They are connected directly to the sternum through the costal cartilage

A

True ribs (1-7)

60
Q

Are not directly connected to the sternum but connect indirectly to the rib above through the costal cartilage

A

False ribs (8-10)

61
Q

They have no attachment to the sternum

A

Floating ribs (11-12)

62
Q

A rigid but flexible structure that functions as both protection for the lungs and mechanical support for allowing the movements associated with ventilation

A

Thoracic cage

63
Q

Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity. It aids in respiration by moving up and down

A

Diaphragm

64
Q

Serves as the landmark for auscultation and palpation during physical assessment of lungs

A

The angle of Louis

65
Q

Upper airway is composed of

A

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx

66
Q

Lower airway is composed of

A

Trachea, bronchi, Lungs

67
Q

Transport gasses to the lower airways, it protects the lower airway from foreign matter. Also warms, filtrates and humidify inspired air.

A

Upper airway

68
Q

Functions as clearance mechanism (cough, macrophages, lymphatic mucociliary system). It has also immunologic responses and pulmonary protection to injury

A

Lower airway

69
Q

Controls respiratory centers

A

Central nervous system

70
Q

The primary center

A

Medulla oblongata

71
Q

The pneumotaxic and apneustic center

A

Pons

72
Q

Breathing in causes

A

The chest to expand and the diaphragm to contract

73
Q

Breathing out causes

A

The chest to contract and the diaphragm to relax

74
Q

3 process of respiration

A
  1. Ventilation or breathing
  2. External respiration
  3. Internal respiration
75
Q

The movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

A

Ventilation or breathing

76
Q

Two phases of ventilation

A
  1. Inhalation or Inspiration - moves air into the lungs
  2. Exhalation or Expiration - moves air out of the lungs
77
Q

The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood

A

External respiration

78
Q

The exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells

A

Internal respiration

79
Q

Occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle contract using decreased pressure and vacuum in the lungs

A

Breathing

80
Q

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle relax, we breath out, due to

A

Increased pressure in the lungs forcing the air out

81
Q

Mainly passive activity

A

Breathing out

82
Q

The partial pressure of Oxygen is

A

PO2= 160mmHg

83
Q

Pressure of Carbon dioxide in air

A

PCO2= 0.3mmHG

84
Q

Each gas diffuses between blood and its surrounding tissues from an area of high partial pressure to

A

An area of low partial pressure

85
Q

The PCO2 in capillary blood is

A

45mmHg

86
Q

PCO2 in the alveolar blood of the lungs

A

40mmHg

87
Q

Carbon dioxide diffuses from

A

Blood to the lungs

88
Q

The PO2 in capillary blood is

A

40mmHg

89
Q

PO2 in the alveolar sacs of the lungs

A

104mmHg

90
Q

Oxygen diffuses from the

A

Lungs into the blood cells

91
Q

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood cell and

A

Oxygen diffuses from the blood cell into the tissue cell

MS (9 decks)

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