Review 2 08/21/23 Flashcards
PDD
Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
CVSA
Computerized Voice Stress Analysis
EDA
Electrodermal Activity
DI
Deception Indicated
NDI
No Deception Indicated
APA
APA- American Polygraph Association
-founded 1966- BAREFOOT 1ST president
ASTM
American Society for Testing Material
GSR
Galvonic Skin Response
NCCA
National College for Credibility Assessment
AAPP
American Association for Police Polygraphist
-created by Arthur and Taylor- cop oriented
EPPA
Employee Polygraph Protection Act
DLST
Direct Lie Comparison Test
LEPET
Law Enforcement Pre-Employment Testing
ZCT
Zone Comparison Test
DoDPI
Department of Defense Polygraph Institute
USAMPS
United States Army Military Police School
MGQT
Modified General Question Test
SR
Significant Response
NSR
No Significant Response
Multi Issue Test
-PCSOT
-Pre-Employment
Single Issue Test
same issue, all primary questions asked differentl
Multi Facet Test
Used to explore other parts of the incident
-evidence gathering
-pre-planning, conspiring
-other issues
NDI
No Deception Indicated
INC
NO
DI
Deception Indicated
Control Question
Developed by REID
MARSTON
Lie-
Discontinuous Systolic
R / I
Relevant / Irrelevant
Developed by KEELER
-metal tambours
GSR- Galvonic Skin Response
GALVONNI
Court decision that gained General Acceptance of Polygraph in the community
1923 Frye V U.S.
Leonard KEELER
Opened first polygraph school
ZCT
Zone Comparison Test
-created by BACKSTER
USAMPS
1st Federal School
-United States Army Military Police School
-Fort Gordon, Georgia
1920’s Pleath with Cardio?
LARSON
LARSON argued in court against MARSTON
related that there is not enough data to make decision
1st Appellate Court decision
People V HOUSER
MOSSO
1st to use spygmon?
LOMBROSSO 1895
-change in blood pressure by putting hand in beaker full of water
-author of criminal mind?
-measurements of body to predict criminality
Created a number scoring system
BACKSTER
Idea of respiration before or after a question
MANNUSSI?
Offers additional training certifications in order to do PCSOT testing
APA
American Polygraph Association
Developed the Control Question Technique
REID
EPPA
Private companies still employ a polygraphist to conduct internal investigations. Typically in high security and/or high dollar amount companies.
Contraction of the heart muscles which forces blood out of the chambers.
Systole
Nervous system part of
Spinal Cord
Pleth and Cardiospyg used to measure
pulse and blood pressure
Does APA oversee state licensing?
No
The most important questions that examinee will focus on?
Psychological Set
False Positive
Innocent person found to be deceitful
-DI Deception Indicated (?)
False Negative
Guilty person found to be truthful
-NDI No Deception Indicated (?)
All current comparison test questions are derived from these two tests?
MGQT
GZC
An examinee that completed a polygraph that was found to be guilty by admission, DNA,
Ground Truth
Having no opinion on an issue of behavior.
EXAMPLE: Taking a polygraph because you have to.
Cognitive Dissonance
How many charts need to be completed in order to call someone deceptive?
3 charts minimum
5 charts maximum
2 of 3 charts must show deception to be called deceptive
What do you do if someone comes in for a polygraph and they do not appear to be suitable to take the test at the moment?
Re-schedule
CDSA accuracy %?
34%
Does ASTM (American Society Testing Material) influence globally?
Yes
All Federal employees must attend this polygraph school.
NCCA
National Center for Credibility Association???
How is the symptomatic nervous system triggered through?
F3- by either of these 3
-Fight
-Flight
-Freeze
The most important phase out of 5 in the polygraph test.
Pre-Test
FROM POWERPOINT:
This is the process which occurs in the human body every time there is an outside stimulus.
Involves the Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System for polygraph.
Receptor – The sense organ that is receiving the stimulus.
Sensory Neurons – The pathway for the message to be sent to the central nervous system (brain & spinal cord).
Synapse – The evaluation of the received message.
Motor Neurons – These are attached to the muscles, causing a response and activates the sympathetic nervous system.
Effectors – The action which occurs or is caused.
PROCESS:
Hear the question through the ear.
Message sent to the brain.
Unable to act because of taking the examination.
Sympathetic Nervous System activated.
Reactions are observed in tracings.
GOOGLE DESCRIPTIONS:
Your sympathetic nervous system is best known for its role in responding to dangerous or stressful situations. In these situations, your sympathetic nervous system activates to speed up your heart rate, deliver more blood to areas of your body that need more oxygen or other responses to help your get out of danger.
Simple reflexes are rapid, brief, automatic, and involve only a small portion of the body in a two-neuron arc.
Simple reflexes include the contraction of a muscle in reaction to stretching, salivation at the view of food, and blinking of eyes when the cornea is touched. These types of reflexes often help maintain homeostasis.
What is a reflex action?
A reflex action or reflex is an involuntary movement that occurs almost instantly in reaction to stimuli. Reflex actions are carried out via the reflex arc, a neural pathway that regulates reflexes. The sensory neurons receive signals from the sense organ and transmit them via other connected neurons. The sense organ that detects threats is the receptor.
Q2
How is the reflex arc formed?
A reflex arc is formed when impulses from the receptor travel to the spinal cord and are then translated into the proper reflex impulse and transmitted to the muscles. The impulse is not sent to the brain to speed up response time.
Q3
Why is swallowing not considered a simple reflex action?
Essentially an involuntary reflex, swallowing only occurs when there is saliva or another item to swallow. Initially, food is transported to the back of the oral cavity; however, once it has reached the back of the mouth, the reflex action to swallow takes control and prevents retraction.
EXAMPLES: Simple reflexes include the contraction of a muscle in reaction to stretching, salivation at the view of food, and blinking of eyes when the cornea is touched. Strike knee and leg kicks out.
Simplest Reflex Arc
L. I. MCRENDERS
Lymphatic
Integumental *
Muscular *
Circulatory *
Respiratory *
Endocrine *
Nervous *
Digestive
Excretory
Reproductive
Skeletal
Portion of the heartbeat cycle when the heart muscles have relaxed, and the heart chamber is filled with blood.
Diastole
Occurs between the systole and subsequent diastole of the waveform.
Dicrotic Notch
The action which occurs or is caused.
Effectors
How does an examiner stay competent?
-continuing education
-doing polygraphs
-studying
Terms while reading charts consist of…
Amplitude
Vertical Rise
Secondary Relevant Questions are also known as…
Weak Relevance questions
Outside issues may cause data problems is called…
Super Outside Dampening Effect
Most difficult of the 5 phases of Polygraph to master…
Pre-Test phase
Blood pressure is highest on the walls of the heart when…
the heart contracts
Lowest blood pressure to sustain life
60
Lowest blood pressure in tissue…
60
What is the main goal of the pre-test phase?
to prepare the examinee for the exam
What activates the Sympathetic Nervous System?
F3- Fight, Flight, Freeze
Average heart beats per minutes…
60-100
Average breaths per minute…
13-18
Most common countermeasures used by examinee…
controlled breathing?
Goal of Acquaintance Test / Sensitivity Test
to convince them that it works
Standards that a polygraphist follows…
American Polygraph Association, American Association for Police Polygraphist, and American Association for Testing Materials Standards and Policy, and Best Practices.
accuracy % that Polygraphist must meet…
90-95%
Hardest thing for an examinee to overcome…
General Nervous Tension GNT
Use of drugs
effects everything in body?
Type of question that helps find/see if there is an outside influence on whole examination…
Symptomatic Question
Is it ok to use slang?
Yes. Especially if the slang is initially used by the examinee.
The time from when the question is asked to 5 seconds after the examinee answers the question is called?
Response Onset Window ROW
-keep scoring if the amplitude starts to rise within the examinee’s answer
Who decides if a person should be tested?
The examiner only.
Who scores the polygraph test?
The examiner only.
How accurate is a polygraph test?
Only as accurate as a polygraphist is competent.
An Acquaintance Test is also known as…
a Practice Test
Which channel would show an examinee hyperventilating?
Pneumograph – Device used to record respiration.
-13-18 breaths a minute average
Difference between Evidentiary and Investigatory Examinations?
Investigatory- find out who did it, who knows what, looking for additional information
Evidentiary- deciding if evidence is admissible in court
The theory that the liars will focus on the relevant questions causing less of a response or no response to the comparison questions.
The innocent will focus on the comparison questions causing less or a response or no response to the relevant questions.
Anti-Climax Dampening
CONSPECNIFICANT
Consistent
Specific
Significant
Systematized
General factors in PLC test analysis and specific factors in RI test analysis.
Subject is responding to an outside issue which may cause reactions to the relevant questions or lesson reactions to other questions.
Symptomatic Questions are used to identify this in some techniques.
Super Outside Dampening Concept
Tonic or Stable Tracing
Homeostasis
Synapse
The evaluation of the received message.
Motor Neurons
These are attached to the muscles, causing a response and activates the sympathetic nervous system.
-heart, breath,
Effectors
The action which occurs or is caused.
-look at charts
Portion of the heartbeat cycle when the heart muscles have relaxed, and the heart chamber is filled with blood.
Diastole
The measurement of the pressure in the arteries when the blood is being forced through the blood vessels.
Systolic Blood Pressure
The measurement of the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Occurs between the systole and subsequent diastole of the waveform.
Dicrotic Notch
Systematized
Meaningfulness of the question to the examinee.
Salience
Difference between an artery and a vein?
Arteries(pulse) carry blood away from the heart, and veins(blue) carry blood towards the heart. Arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood. Arteries have thick walls with muscle tissue. Veins have thinner walls and use valves to keep your blood flowing.
The 5 phases of a polygraph test?
-interview with investigator
-pre-test phase
-in-test phase
-post-test phase
-report
The 3 types of polygraph examinations?
- General Questions Test
-R/I Test
-“Any Question” Test
-It is a deception test. - Comparison Question Test
-also called Probable Lie Comparison Test or Control Question Test
-It is a deception test. - Peak of Tension Test
-This is a recognition test.
-Asks specific questions about the crime that only the investigator, examiner and guilty subject would know.
Recognition Test is also known as?
Peak of Tension Test
Electrodermal- EDA goes ____ when there is an emotional response.
Up. They become more conductive.
EDA goes ____ when there is no emotional response(near homeostasis).
Down. There is more resistance.
Ohm- unit of electrical resistance.
Components of a Polygraph Instrument
Pheumograph- breathing, chest tubes
Cardiosp- arm cuffs
DAS- takes data to polygraph software
Galvonometer- sweating- finger pen
Pleoth- finger pen pulse?
Psychological Set
5 types of Tests we are going to learn?
-Federal ZCT
-Federal “You Phase” or Bi-Zone ZCT
-Federal AFMGQT
-Utah techniques
-DLST Directed Lie Screening Test
-LEPET Law Enforcement Pre-Screening Test
Possible Pneumograph Indicators of Deception
-BREATHING-
-Change in rhythm or regularity
-Slowed breathing *CM **
-Change in amplitude or volume (especially suppression) **
-Change in Inspiration/Expiration (I/E Ratio)
-Notched or serrated I/E strokes
-Change in baseline (leaves and returns)
-Loss of baseline (never returns)
-Hyperventilation *CM
-Suppression (or downward suppression from stable tracing)**
-Apnea blocking**
-Apnea holding *CM
-** Currently supported by research as deceptive physiology.
Possible Galvanograph Indicators of Deception
-EDA SWEAT-
-Vertical rise at stimulus (question)**
-Complex response or “Double Saddle” after the vertical rise**
-Long duration of response following the vertical rise**
-**Currently supported by research as deceptive physiology
Possible Cardiosphygmograph Indicators of Deception
-BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF AND PULSE RATE-
-Increase and decrease in BP**
-Long duration of BP change**
-Increase in pulse rate
-Decrease in pulse rate**
-**Currently supported by research as deceptive physiology
-Increase in amplitude (pulse pressure)
-Decrease in amplitude (pulse pressure)
-Increase only in BP
-Decrease only in BP
-Appearance or disappearance of extra systoles (PVCs)
-Appearance, disappearance or change in the position of the dicrotic notch
