History 08/17/23

Question 1

Polygraph

Answer 1

Originated from the Greek word poly meaning “many” and graphos meaning “writings”.
Instrument is not a “lie detector”, a “box” or a “machine”
Instrument measures physiological changes
Examinee does not “beat” the polygraph, he or she “defeats” the examiner

Question 2

1895- Angelo Mosso

Answer 2

Physiologist who was interested in the vascular system and the method of blood flow through the body.
Developed a scientific “cradle” that was balanced on a fulcrum.
The non aroused subject was placed in the cradle and the cradle remained balanced
When the subject was excited the “cradle” moved in the direction of the subjects head.
Mosso theorized that the use of the “cradle” demonstrated blood flowing to the head when a person is emotional (blushing).
Made the first reported accurate studies of fear and its influence on heart activities and respiration.

Question 3

Ceasare Lombroso

Answer 3

Physiologist and criminologist
Developed a method to detect criminals before a crime was committed utilizing body measurements.
Author of “The Criminal Mind”
Tested thirty people and claimed to have 100% accuracy.
Known as the Father of Criminology

Developed the hydrosphygmomanometer
hydro water
sphygmo blood
mano hand
meter Measure

Question 4

Hydrosphygmomanometer

Answer 4

The “arm cuff” for blood pressure measurements.
1895 1st scientific studies reported changes in blood volume and pulse rate using the forerunner to the plethysmograph with a specialized glove. Measure of blood in the hand which is placed in a container of water.
The hand is placed in a five gallon beaker of water. Emotions cause rise in blood pressure which caused the hand to swell and the water to rise in level within the beaker.
Stylus and smoked drum used to record results
Reaction occurs in that part of the body most threatened.

Question 5

Plethysmic reaction

Answer 5

decrease of volume in blood in hand.

Question 6

Giovanni Galvanni

Answer 6

1897- Physiologist studying the body’s internal electrical system and its effects
Was the first individual to conduct research pertaining to electrical resistance and the secretion of sweat
Galvanometer- instrument created to measure resistance of electricity in the body or electricity introduced into the body.

Question 7

John Wheatstone

Answer 7

Refined the galvanometer:
Electricity is introduced into the body through the hand.
Wheatstone bridge- measures the point at which the body’s electricity and induced electricity are equalized.
Increased emotion results in less body electrical resistance.Galvanic skin response (GSR)-Result of mind excitations or impressions which causes the above.

Question 8

1907- Veriguth

Answer 8

Coined the phrase “psychogalvanic skin reflex”
GSR due to reflex of skin conductance.
There is a decrease in body electricity with increased sweat which creates better conductance of the electricity.

Question 9

Sticker

Answer 9

Sticker- 1st to make suggestion that psychogalvanic reaction should be used for detecting deception.
Sticker stated “the galvanic skin phenomenon is under the influence of exciting mental impressions and the will has no effect on it”.

Question 10

Electrodermal Response

Answer 10

A measure of physiologic arousal determined by the skin’s resistance to electricity

Question 11

Electrical field knowledge

Answer 11

Present
Observable
Change in emotions produces change in GSR
At death no GSR exists, weight of body is actually reduced by several grams.

Question 12

Dr. William Marston

Answer 12

1915- Commissioned by the US Government to study the ability of lie detection to be used as a countermeasure for espionage in World War I.
Marston was a physiologist studying responses in the cardio-vascular system who had a particular interest in systolic contraction.

Question 13

Systolic Stroke

Answer 13

aka Anacrotic limb
Systolic beat- apex of contraction

Question 14

Diastolic Stroke

Answer 14

aka Catacrotic limb
Semi-lunar valves slam shut in diastolic stroke to create notch.

Question 15

Marston

Answer 15

Made measurements with a sphygnomamonometer which was a discontinuous systolic blood pressure test.
This technique used a standard blood pressure cuff and stethoscope to take intermittent systolic blood pressure readings.
Found this method to be 97 % reliable.

Question 16

Vittorio Benussi

Answer 16

1914- Physiologist studying respiratory
ratio using a sensor.
Observed that stress caused breathing
change with was called an “IE” change.
Inspiration/Expiration limbs
Normal breathing three parts inhale to five parts exhale.
A ratio of two to six or one to seven observed the subject was under emotional stress (lie).
The ratio would be greater before truth telling than afterwards and greater after lying than before lying.
1918- Harold Burtt confirmed Benussi’s theory.

Question 17

John Larson

Answer 17

1921- Was completing his medical study at the University of Southern California at Berkley.
Credited as the “Father of Lie Detection”.
1920’s constructed a device that combined a plethysmograph and a sensor that recorded respiratory activity.
Larson added a kymograph- wind up device which was the chart paper drive and made a permanent record utilizing ink and paper.
Originally designed an instrument for the Berkley Police Department which took half an hour to set up. The pens did not use ink so the paper had to be smoked which left a greasy surface which the pens could scratch.
Tested utilizing pictures.
Picture of Larson’s polygraph in text.

Question 18

1923- Frye vs United States

Answer 18

Frye was convicted of 2nd Degree Murder
Defendant offered an expert witness to testify to the result of a lie detector test.
Test given by Marston showed that Frye was truthful.
Marston’s attempt to testify was denied.
Test was a discontinuous systolic blood pressure test
Appeal taken: Larson testified that Marston had not established sufficient physiological base for his opinion.
Court ruled insufficient research existed to validate the effectiveness of the polygraph
Frye confessed in 1921, paroled 1939, later recanted confession and died in 1953.
Legal basis for admission is the general acceptance within the scientific community.
Court determined that “lie detection” did not meet the general acceptance standard.

Question 19

Daubert vs Dow Pharmaceuticals

Answer 19

US Supreme Court
Not a polygraph case, was a scientific evidence case. Polygraph included as scientific evidence.
Judge must consider all reliable scientific evidence but does not have to allow it into proceeding.
To be “scientifically accurate” requires 90% reliable.
509 U.S. 579 (1993)
Eliminated the “general acceptance” rule established by Frye v. United States.

Question 20

Lee

Answer 20

Captain (CD) Clarence D. Lee, Berkley CA Police published one of first polygraph books “The Instrumental Detection of Deception”
Book is available for review in our library- contained in notebook form

Question 21

Leonarde Keeler

Answer 21

Developed three component instrument:
Pneumograph
Cardiograph
Galvanometer
Plus kymograph
1st to use all together
Considered the “Father of Modern Polygraph”
Credited with introducing the “card test” as a specialized peak of tension “control test” for comparison to relevant questions as a “lie pattern”
Developed metal tambours for the pneumograph and cardioshygmograph
A bellows like device
Soft metal accordion pleated chamber
1st construction of this instrument was on a bread box platform. A piston was attached to a union box that would swivel with movement of the tambour
Keeler later employed by Chicago PD as a polygraph examiner
Opened first polygraph school
First Director of school was Jack Harrison
Developed the 1st technique used in polygraph which was the relevant/irrelevant technique
First to introduce polygraph to police work
First to introduce polygraph in security work
Openly argued with Larson who believed that only PHD’s should use the polygraph-debate still continues today with philosophical split in polygraph associations

Question 22

Relevant-IrrelevantR-I

Answer 22

Developed by Leonarde Keeler
Relevant- question is specifically related to the crime.
Irrelevant- question has nothing to do with the crime
Interspersed with questions for emotional relief

Question 23

1935 John E. Reid

Answer 23

Developed “control question”
Fred Inbau was Reid’s supervisor,
also Inbau taught at Northwestern University.
Reid worked in Chicago Forensic Lab.
Paul Trovillo is Chicago Police polygraph examiner
Reid founded the Reid Associates School for Lie Detection
Trained Richard Arther
Wrote four books on interrogation
Wrote two books on the polygraph
Developed the Reid Behavior Analysis Interview Training
Established the Reid College for Detection of Deception which gave a Master’s Degree upon completion (MSDD)
Six month program- in school for approximately 6 weeks and remaining period conducting examinations

Question 24

Control Question Technique

Answer 24

Always received “no” answer with expectation of “no” being a lie.
Based on subjects earlier in life experiences
Psychological set- better definition

Control Question- developed for the purpose of using contrasting reactions to observe guilt or innocence, truth or deception on chart.

Question 25

American Polygraph AssociationAPA

Answer 25

APA website: www.polygraph.org
Founded by J. Kirk Barefoot in 1966
Currently about 3,000 members
Issues accreditation to polygraph schools
Currently 19 approved schools
Offers additional areas of certification beyond initial certification
Requires specialized training to conduct Post Conviction Sex Offender Testing

Question 26

Evidentiary Examination-

Answer 26

A polygraph examination, the written and stated purpose for which, agreed to by the parties involved, is to provide the diagnostic opinion of the examiner as evidence in a pending judicial proceeding. This is not intended to prevent admission as evidence of a confession obtained during the examination.

Question 27

Investigative Examination-

Answer 27

A polygraph examination for which the examiner has not been informed and does not reasonably believe that the results of the examination will be tendered for admission as evidence in a court of record. Pre-employment examinations shall be deemed to be investigative examinations,

Question 28

APA Testing Guidelines

Answer 28

Requires that 30 hours of update training be obtained every two years for examiners
Must use valid testing technique which exists based on acceptable scientific studies
Examiner must make reasonable efforts to determine that the examinee is fit for testing including inquires into medical and psychological conditions as well as recent drug usage
Examination must include recording of respiration patterns including thoracic and abdominal using two pneumograph components, electodermal activity reflecting relative changes in the conductance or residence by the epidermal tissue and cardiograph to record relative changes in pulse rate, pulse amplitude and relative volume
Physiological recording during each test shall be continuous and of sufficient amplitude to be easily readable by the examiner. Specifies for pneumograph and cardiograph tracings to be over one half inch in amplitude
The instrument shall be given a calibration and functionality test consistent with the manufacturers recommendations. Calibration and functionality test shall be administered prior to all evidentiary examinations
Exams shall be retained at least one year and in compliance of appropriate state and federal law
Test location: Must be free from distractions that would interfere with the ability of the examinee to appropriately focus on the issues. Should also be relatively free of outside noise and distraction
Examiners performing examinations for public viewing shall not render opinions regarding the truthfulness of the examinees on the basis of the examination
Examiners with ensure that reenactments of examinations are clearly conveyed as such to viewers
The examiner shall dedicate sufficient time to identify the issues and any potential problems in any area of testing prior to the examination
The examiner shall obtain proper identification of the examinee
The examiner shall obtain the consent of the examinee prior to testing
The examiner shall give sufficient time to ensure that the examinee has a reasonable understanding of the polygraph process and the requirement for cooperation
Examiner shall ensure that sufficient time is spent that the examinee understands each question
Examiner shall not express bias in any manner regarding truthfulness of the examinee prior to the completion of testing
A stimulation test or acquaintance test shall be required for all evidentiary examinations
Questions shall be asked with clarity and distinctiveness
Questions shall be balanced in terms of length and impact for each category of questions utilized. Questions used in the assessment of truth and deception shall be preceded and followed by time intervals of not less than 20 seconds
Examiners shall collect a sufficient number of charts as to acquire sufficient data for proper evaluation in conformance with validated testing technique.
Standardized chart markings, recognized and utilized within the polygraph profession should be employed
An audio or and audio/video recording of the pretest and in-test phases shall be made and maintained for evidentiary examinations in conformance with governing state and federal laws
Examiners shall employ quantitative or numerical scoring for all evidentiary examinations and for all specific issue investigative examinations.
Examiners notes of the test evaluation shall have sufficient clarity and precision so that another examiner can read them
Examiners shall not disclose the results of the examination until it has been adequately and sufficiently analyzed
Examiners shall maintain the confidentiality of their work conducted under privilege until a release is issued by the examinee
Examiners shall open their files for a quality control which is requested on the examination

Question 29

American Association of Police Polygraphists

Answer 29

Website: www.policepolygraph.org
Founded by Arther and Taylor in 1977

Question 30

AAPP Standards & Principals of Practice

Answer 30

The primary purpose of a polygraph investigation is to determine if the person being examined is being truthful to the issue under investigation
The polygraph should be a supplement to, not a substitution for a field investigation
Examination maybe used to test the veracity of suspects, victims or informants
Only fully trained polygraphists or intern polygraphists, under the direct supervision of a senior polygraphists should be allowed to conduct examinations
Polygraph instrument must be capable of recording visually, permanently and simultaneously indications of the persons cardiovascular patters, respiratory pattern, skin resistance and should be calibrated per the manufacturers instructions
Investigator should not subject the person to an interrogation immediately prior to the polygraph examination
Polygraphist should have the sole responsibility to determine if any particular examination should take place and the time and location
Never conduct examination in a poor examination atmosphere
Polygraphists should submit a written report at the conclusion of the examination
The polygraphist is responsible for properly maintaining and protecting the polygraph files and records
Results of the examination and disposition of such reports shall be kept in compliance with departmental rules and state law
The polygraphist shall not attempt to make a physical or psychiatric diagnosis of the examinee except to make a determination as to the testability of the person taking the examination
The polygraph shall produce a minimum of two polygraph charts relative to the testing issue
To maintain the professional competency the examiner shall attend a minimum of one professional polygraph seminar on a yearly basis

Question 31

AAPP- What is an unethical examiner?

Answer 31

Self sponsored tests
Short cuts in SOP
Conducts tests on persons who are not medically, physically or psychologically able to be tested
Unauthorized release of test information and results
Improper physical and sexual advances
Circumventing the laws
Conducting too many exams in a day
Violating EPPA
Violating ADA
Uses non recognized test procedures
Uses self made testing procedures
Violates laws and ethical procedures
Does not use quality control

Question 32

ASTM International
American Society for Testing Materials

Answer 32

American Society for Testing Materials
Not a government entity
No enforcement ability
Makes recommendations for standards
Requires 40 hours of update training every two years for polygraph examiners
Are voluntary consensus standards as suggested acceptable practices
Can be used as evidence in civil courts for those who violate standards
Can be used as evidence to obtain injunctions to stop those who use unacceptable practices where no licensing exists
Worldwide impact
Applicable to voice stress operators as well

Question 33

Department of Defense Polygraph InstituteDoDPI

Answer 33

The original U.S. Army Polygraph School was established in 1951 as part of the Provost Marshal General School at Fort Gordon, Georgia.
Graduated its first class in the same year.
September 1962
Provost Marshall School was re designated as the United States Army Military Police School (USAMPS).
Army Polygraph School remained under the auspices of USAMPS.
1975- USAMPS and the polygraph school transferred to Fort McClellan, Alabama.
1986 USAMPS polygraph school was realigned and designated as DoDPI.
August 1995
Secretary of Army designated as Executive Agent for polygraph training within DoD and DoDPI.
1986 Army Poylgraph school became DoDPI.
Shortly thereafter DoDPI transitioned from a vocational technical polygraph training school to an educational institute in forensic psychophysiology.