Psychology and Physiology Flashcards
: both variables move together in the same direction
Positive Correlation
one variable increases while another decreases
Negative Correlation
Correlational research says…
CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION!!!!
Burn out survey name is…
the Maslach Burnout Study
Experimental research
-Allows us to look at causal relationships
Manipulation of a variable
Independent variable: the causing variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
Dependent variable: the variable that is expected to be influenced by the experimental manipulation.
Study on how humans respond to authority
Milgram Shock Study 1963- told them that the experiment was to improve memory
What is social psychology?
Expanded in the 1950s to become a scientific discipline
Energized by researchers who wanted to understand behaviors seen in World War II
Obedience
Conformity
Began to study aggression in the late 1960’s and early 1970s
Started to study group behavior
The study of the dynamic relationship between individuals and people around them.
Believe that human behavior is determined by a person’s characteristics and the social situation
Milgram Study Conclusion
Related to higher levels of obedience
Authoritarianism – tendency to prefer things to be simple rather than complex and to hold traditional values
Conscientiousness – tendency to be responsible, orderly and dependable
Agreeableness – tendency to be good natured, cooperative and trusting
Related to higher levels of resistance
Moral reasoning – the manner in which one makes ethical judgements
Social intelligence – ability to develop a clear perception of the situation using situational cues
Objective was to learn if prison guard brutality was due to sadistic personalities or the guards or the prison environment
Stanford Prison Study 1971
A behavior that is intended to harm another individual who does not wish to be harmed.
Aggression
aggression that has extreme physical harm, such as injury or death as it’s goal.
Violence
aggression that occurs with only a small amount of forethought or intent and that is determined primarily by impulsive emotions.
Emotional or Impulsive aggression
aggression that is intentional and planned
Instrumental or cognitive aggression
aggression that involves harming others physically
Physical aggression
aggression that does not cause physical harm
Nonphysical aggression
yelling, screaming, swearing, name calling
Verbal aggression
intentionally harming another person’s social relationships.
Relational or social aggression
aggression inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, or other electronic devices
Cyberbullying
Causes of Aggression
Biological
Hormones
Alcohol
Negative Emotions
Pre frontal cortex:
center for control of aggression
When more highly activated - able to control impulses and aggression
Cerebral Cortex less active in
Murderers
Death row inmates
Biological
Testosterone
Associated with increased aggression in animals and humans
Also influential in women
correlational
Hormones
Increases aggression
Involved in the majority of violent crimes
Disrupts executive function
Reduces the ability to inhibit aggression
Alcohol
More likely to aggress when experiencing negative emotions
Negative Emotions
-objective was to learn if prison guard brutality was due to sadistic personalities or the guards or the prison environment
Stanford Prison Study 1971
Modeling/Observational Learning
Albert BANDURA, December 4, 1925
Harlow and his Monkeys studied…
the Attachment Theory
John BOLBY studied further….
-studied effects of separation between parents and infants
-behaviors infants engage in to avoid separation from their parents and to reconnect are evolutionary mechanisms
Attachment Theory Styles
Secure
Anxious-Resistant
Avoidant
Disorganized
Adult Attachment Theory Styles
Secure
Dismissive-Avoidant
Anxious- Pre-occupied
Fearful-Avoidant
Secure Attachment Style
Infants showed distress upon separation but sought comfort and were easily comforted when parents returned
Anxious-Resistant Attachment Style
Smaller portion of infants experienced greater levels of distress and upon reuniting appeared to seek comfort and attempt to “punish” parents for leaving
Avoidant Attachment Style
Infants showed no stress or minimal stress when the parents left and either ignored the parents upon reuniting or actively avoided the parents.
Disorganized Attachment Style
Added later after further research
These children usually fail to develop an organized strategy for coping with separation distress and tend to display aggression, disruptive behaviors, and social isolation.
They are more likely to see others as threats than sources of support and may switch between social withdrawal and defensively aggressive behavior.
These adults are more likely to be satisfied with their relationships, feeling secure and connected to their partners without feeling the need to be together all the time. Their relationships are more likely to feature honesty, support, independence and deep emotional connections.
Adult Secure Attachment Style
People with this attachment style generally keep their distance from others. They may feel they do not need human connection to survive or thrive and insist on maintaining their independence and isolation from others. These individuals are often able to “shut down” emotionally when a potentially hurtful scenario arises, such as a serous argument with a partner or a threat to the continuance of their relationship.
Adult Dismissive-Avoidant Attachment Style
Those who form less secure bonds with their partners may feel desperate for love and affection or feel that their partner must “complete” them or fix their problems. While they long for safety and security in their romantic relationships, they may also be acting in ways that push their partner away rather than invite them in. The behavioral manifestations of their fears can include being clingy, demanding, jealous, or easily upset by small issues.
Anxious- Pre-occupied Attachment Style
Manifests as ambivalence instead of isolation. These individuals generally try to avoid their feelings because it is easy to get overwhelmed by them. They may suffer from unpredictable or abrupt mood swings and fear of getting hurt by their romantic partner. They are simultaneously drawn to a partner or potential partner and fearful of getting close. This style makes it hard to form and maintain meaningful, healthy relationships with others.
Fearful-Avoidant Attachment Style
