Retroviruses (HIV, HTLV) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the biology of HIV?

A

enveloped with 2 copies of single stranded +RNA

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2
Q

what Virus attachment proteins (VAP) found on the envelope of HIV?

A

GP 120

GP 41

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3
Q

what is the major capsid protein found in HIV?

A

p24

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4
Q

what enzymes does HIV have?

A

integrases

proteases

reverse transcriptase

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5
Q

which of the 2 membrane proteins in HIV will define its tropism?

A

GP 120

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6
Q

what cells does HIV target?

A

CD4+ cells

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7
Q

antiviral drugs for HIV will target what protein of the virus?

A

gp 41

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8
Q

HIV protein Gp 120 will bind to what cell and what co-receptor if it’s M tropic?

A

it binds to CD4+ (memory CD4 T cells, Dendritic cells, macrophages) cells and its co-receptor CCR5

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9
Q

HIV protein Gp 120 will bind to what cell and what co-receptor if it’s T tropic?

A

if its T tropic it binds to CD4+ (activated T cells) cells and CXCR4

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10
Q

what will the HIV Gp 41 protein do?

A

it will fuse the viral envelope with cell plasma membrane

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11
Q

what is the first stage of HIV replication?

what symptoms are seen?

A

1st stage = we will replicate in the macrophages and dendritic cells in the lymph nodes

(swollen lymph nodes, and high virus, no antibodies)

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12
Q

what is the second stage of HIV replication?

A

2nd stage = virus lives inside T cells, disseminates throughout body but remains latent, it is in DNA form, low HIV virus, we have high antibodies

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13
Q

what is the 3rd stage of HIV replication?

A

3rd stage = virus is all over, shifts to CXCR4 in CD4 and attacks our active T cells and strats making many virion particles which will look for GP120

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14
Q

where do we find the largest amount of cases of HIV-1 infection?

A

sub-saharan africa

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15
Q

where do we find the largest amount of cases of HIV-2 infection?

A

West africa

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16
Q

who is at risk of being transmitted HIV?

A

intravenous drug abuser (sharing needles)

sexually active individuals (homosexuals, prostitutes)

newborns of HIV positive mothers

organ transplant patients

17
Q

what cells are most prone to infection by AIDS and what cells are used for latency by the virus?

A

T cells and macrophages

CD4+ T cells by incorporating DNA into host genome

18
Q

what individuals are most prone to be resistant to HIV infection?

A

CCR5 receptor deficient individuals

19
Q

if there is a mutation in the GP 120 protein of HIV, how will this affect its tropism?

A

its tropism will shift from M-tropic to T-tropic

20
Q

what is HIV’s pathogenesis?

A

1) lytic infection of CD4 T cells (having the virus infect start to infect some macrophages)
2) reduction in CD4 T cell numbers

21
Q

what happens when you are have the HIV acute illness?

what symptoms are seen?

A

will see drop in CD4+ cell count

flu-like symptoms are seen

22
Q

what happens when you have HIV latent infection?

what symptoms are seen?

A

the virus is in provirus form

test will be positive for HIV antibodies

destruction of CD4 cells will continue

no symptoms are seen

23
Q
A
24
Q

what happens during the symptomatic phase of HIV?

what symptoms will be seen?

A

CD4+ cell count is less than 500

increased level of virus

weight loss, continual diarrhea, extreme fatigue, **oral thrush **

25
Q

what bacteria causes oral thrush seen in HIV symptomatic phase?

A

candida

26
Q

what happens in full blown AIDS by HIV virus?

what symptoms are seen during this phase?

A

CD4 is less than 200

antibody test is negative

kaposi sarcoma, thrush, severe CMV, dementia

27
Q

what are 3 opportunisitc infecions seen in AIDS?

A

1) Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia (PCP)
2) Candidiasis (oral thrush)
3) cryptococcocis (meningitis)

28
Q

what fungal infection is most defining of AIDS?

A

PCP

29
Q

what is the most common fungal infection of the CNS?

A

cryptococcosis

30
Q

what is the most common fungal infection overall?

A

candidiasis

31
Q

what are 2 of the most common bacterial infections found in AIDS?

A

1) Mycobacterium avium intracellular complex (MAC) (lung and esophagus infection)
2) Salmonella typhimurium

32
Q

what is the 2 most common viral infections found in AIDS patients?

A

1) CMV
2) Herpes Simplex Virus

33
Q

what does CMV lead to in AIDS?

A
  • retinitis
  • esophagitis
  • colitis (diarrhea)

cholecystitis

34
Q

How do CMV infections differ in immunocompetent vs. immunosuppressed patients?

A

In immunocompetent patients, an acute CMV infection results in a syndrome resembling acute infectious mononucleosis.

In the immunosuppressed patient, CMV disease, whether acquired primarily or as a result of reactivation, may be a disseminated, fulminant, and lethal disease with multiorgan involvement.

35
Q

what are 2 common parasitic infections found in AIDS patients?

A

1) CNS toxoplasmosis
2) Cryptosporidiosis

36
Q

what is the most common pathogen found in diarrhea?

A

cryptosporidiosis

37
Q

what is the most common focal space occupying lesions in AIDS patients?

A

CNS toxoplasmosis

38
Q

what are 5 AIDS determining malignancies?

what virus causes each of these malignancies?

A

1) kaposi’s sarcoma - HHV-8
2) Burkitt’s lymphoma- EBV
3) Primary CNS lymphoma - EBV
4) Invasive cervical cancer- HPV
5) Anal squamous cell carcinoma - HPV