Retro WB W/ IMAGES Flashcards
condition caused by hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
Addison’s disease
smooth, round, homogeneous benign tumor of the adrenal cortex associated with Cushing’s syndrome
adenoma
a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
outer parenchyma of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones, commonly called corticoids
cortex
condition caused by hypersecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
Cushing’s syndrome
portion of the pelvic cavity that is above the pelvic brim, bounded posteriorly by the lumbar vertebrae, laterally by the iliac fossae and iliacus muscles, and anteriorly by the lower anterior abdominal wall
false pelvis
an increase in the number of cells of a body part that results from an increased rate of cellular division
hyperplasia
any disorder characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels
lymphadenopathy
malignancy that primarily affects the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver
lymphoma
central tissue of the adrenal gland that secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine
medulla
malignant adrenal mass that is seen in pediatric patients
neuroblastoma
early embryonic tissue that will eventually develop into the brain and spinal cord
neuroectodermal tissue
benign adrenal tumor that secretes hormones that produce hypertension
pheochromocytoma
The retroperitoneal space is the area between the posterior portion of the ______ and the ______ abdominal wall muscles.
parietal, posterior
The retroperitoneal space is subdivided into three spaces: the _______ space, the _______ space, and the _________ space.
anterior pararenal, perirenal, posterior pararenal
The _____ space surrounds the kidney, adrenal, and perirenal fat.
perirenal
The ________ space includes the duodenum, pancreas, and ascending and transverse colon.
anterior pararenal
The ________ space includes the iliopsoas muscle, ureter, and branches of the the inferior vena cava and their lymphatics.
posterior pararenal
The right adrenal is more _____ to the kidney, whereas the left adrenal is more _____ to the kidney.
superior, medial
The right renal artery crosses ______ to the crus and _____ to the inferior vena cava at the level of the right kidney.
anterior, posterior
The _____ muscle, the fascia of which merges with the posterior transversalis fascia, makes up the medial border of this posterior space.
psoas
The male sex hormones are _______ , and the female sex hormones are ________.
androgens, estrogen
Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex in humans is called ______ disease.
Addison’s
The steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex fall into the following three main categories: _______, _________, and _______.
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones.
________ regulate electrolyte metabolism.
mineralocorticoids
The principle mineralocorticoids is _______.
aldosterone
_________ play a principal role in carbohydrate metabolism.
glucocorticoids
The primary glucocorticoids are _______ and _______.
cortisone, hydrocortisone
Adrenal tumors in women can promote secondary _____ characteristics.
masculine
The adrenal cortex is controlled by _________ hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary.
adrenocorticotropic
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amines, sometimes referred to as ________ , that elevate the blood pressure.
catecholamines
describe the sonographic findings for the paraaortic lymph nodes
- rounded, focal, echo poor lesions 1-3 cm apart & larger hypoechoic masses tht displacd kidney laterally
- US appearance:
- mantle of nodes,
- floating or anterior displaced aorta secondary to the enlarged nodes or the
- mesenteric sandwich sign representing the anterior and posterior node masses surrounding the mesenteric vessels
explain how to distinguish enlarged lymph nodes from bowel
- Lymph nodes-remain as consistent patterns
- bowel & duodenum present w/ changing peristaltic patterns on US.
- As gentle pressure is applied,
- the lymph nodes remain constant in shape,
- bowel is compressed and displaced.
adrenal hemorrhages are more common in neonates who experienced a traumatic delivery that included ______, ______, and ______.
stress, asphyxia, & septicemia
the clinical symptoms of pheochromocytoma include intermittent ____,severe _____, heart ______, and excessive persperation.
hypertension, headaches, palpitations
a ____ is a walled off collection of extravasated urine that develops spontaneously after trauma, surgery or a subacute or chronic urinary obastucton
urinoma
*IMAGE
the quadratus lumborum muscle originates from the iliolumbar ligament, the adjacent iliac crest, and the superior borders of the transvers process of L3 and L4 and inserts into the margins of the twelfth rib
*IMAGE
the right crus of the diaphragm passes posterior to the IVC and the left crus passes anterior to the Aorta
- *IMAGE*
- the crura of the diaphragm begin as tendinous fibers from the lumbar vertebral bodies, disks, and transverse processes of L3 on the right and L1 on the left*
*IMAGE
retroperitoneal spaces based on concept of retroperitoneal anatomy.
- Anterior (dashed lines) and posterior (dotted lines) perirenal fascia join to form lateroconal fascia.
- these fasciae divide into the retroperitoneum into
- (1) anterior pararenal space -
- contains: duodenum, pancreas, and right & left colon
- (2) the perirenal space-
- contains: kidney, adrenal glands, and perirenal fat
- (3) posterior pararenal space, which contains fat
- (1) anterior pararenal space -
- these fasciae divide into the retroperitoneum into
*IMAGE
this patient presents with uncontrollable hypertension. id the anomaly shown in the sonograms
pheochromocytoma
pheochromocytoma is a homogeneous tumor that has a weak posterior wall & decreased through transmission. the tumor can grow quite large
*IMAGE
what are the arrows pointing to in this transverse image in this patient with abdominal tenderness?
enlarged lymph nodes
the aorta is surrounded by enlarged lymph nodes
*IMAGE
what is the abnormality on this RUQ sonogram?
adrenal hemorrhage
(the appearance of an adrenal hemorrhage will vary depending on the age of the hemorrhage. the adrenal gland will appear as a solid mass initially, and over time the mass will have a more cystic or complex appearance)
*IMAGE
a 32 year old female with a history of lymphoma came in for an abdominal US. Desribe the sonographic findings.
two paracaval nodes were seen anterior to the aorta and inferior to the portal vein.
(enlarged lymph nodes)
