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ABDOMINAL II (DMS 122) > THYROID & PARATHYROID WB W/ IMAGES > Flashcards

THYROID & PARATHYROID WB W/ IMAGES Flashcards

1
Q

benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

A

adenoma

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2
Q

rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age

A

anaplastic carcinoma

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3
Q

remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck

A

branchial cleft cyst

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4
Q

a thyroid hormone that is important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

A

calcitonin

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5
Q

refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

A

euthyroid

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6
Q

use of a fine-gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass

A

fine-needle aspiration

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7
Q

occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid gland

A

follicular carcinoma

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8
Q

enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

A

goiter

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9
Q

autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (bulging eyes), and cutaneous manifestations

A

Graves’ disease

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10
Q

chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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11
Q

disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma

A

hyperparathyroidism

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12
Q

oversecretion of thyroid hormones

A

hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

low phosphatase level, which can be seen with hyperparathyroidism

A

hypophosphatasia

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14
Q

undersecretion of thyroid hormones

A

hypothyroidism

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15
Q

small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the gland

A

isthmus

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16
Q

wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

A

longus colli muscle

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17
Q

disorder characterized by localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

A

lymphadenopathy

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18
Q

neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

A

medullary carcinoma

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19
Q

tiny echogenic foci within a nodule that may or may not shadow

A

microcalcifications

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20
Q

nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

A

multinodular goiter

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21
Q

degenerative nodules within the thyroid

A

nodular hyperplasia

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22
Q

most common form of thyroid malignancy

A

papillary carcinoma

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23
Q

a hormone that is secreted by the parathyroid glands, which regulate serum calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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24
Q

enlargement of multiple parathyroid glands

A

parathyroid hyperplasia

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25
Q

oversecretion of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

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26
Q

present in a small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus

A

pyramidal lobe

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27
Q

enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

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28
Q

laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism

A

serum calcium

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29
Q

large muscles anterolateral to the thyroid

A

sternocleidomastoid muscles

30
Q

group of three muscles (sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid) that lie anterior to the thyroid

A

strap muscles

31
Q

viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation

A

subacute (de Quervain’s) thyroiditis

32
Q

congenital anomalies that present in midline of the neck anterior to the trachea

A

thyroglossal duct cysts

33
Q

inflammation of the thyroid

A

thyroiditis

34
Q

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

35
Q

The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the __________ arteries and __________ veins.

A

carotid, jugular

36
Q

Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the __________ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.

A

strap

37
Q

The parathyroid glands are normally located on the __________ surface of the thyroid gland.

A

posterior medial

38
Q

The parathyroid glands are the ___________ organs in the body.

A

calcium-sensing

39
Q

The parathyroid glands produce __________ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism.

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

40
Q

When the serum calcium level ___________, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.

A

decreases

41
Q

PTH acts on ___________, __________, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.

A

bone, kidney

42
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by __________, hypercalciuria, and low serum levels of phosphate.

A

hypercalcemia

43
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a(n) __________, primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.

A

adenoma

44
Q

A chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndromes is __________ hyperparathyroidism.

A

secondary

45
Q

The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains body ___________, ___________, and ___________ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.

A

metabolism, growth, and development

46
Q

These hormones include triiodothyronine (__________), thyroxine (__________), and __________.

A

T3, T4, and calcitonin

47
Q

The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is __________ metabolism.

A

iodine

48
Q

When the body needs thyroid hormone, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (__________), which is produced by the pituitary gland.

A

TSH

49
Q

The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor, which is produced by the __________.

A

hypothalamus

50
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by __________, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown.

A

calcitonin

51
Q

Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either __________, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.

A

hypothyroidism

52
Q

How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by ___________.

A

nuclear medicine

53
Q

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a(n) __________, which is often visible on the anterior neck.

A

goiter

54
Q

One of the most common forms of thyroid disease is __________.

A

multinodular goiter

55
Q

__________ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes), and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).

A

Graves’ disease

56
Q

A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is a(n) __________.

A

adenoma

57
Q

The most common of the thyroid malignancies is __________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.

A

papillary cancer

58
Q

The normal thyroid gland has a fine __________ echotexture that is more echogenic that the surrounding muscle structure.

A

homogeneous

59
Q

A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a(n) __________ texture with a central core echo complex.

A

homogeneous

60
Q

The ___________ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.

A

longus colli

61
Q

The metabolic rate is dramatically increased __________; clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes).

A

hyperthyroidism

62
Q

IMAGE

A
63
Q

*IMAGE

a 44 year old frmale presented w/ a palpable mass in her neck. Id the sonographic findings?

A

a solid mass of the thyroid which proved to be papillary carcinoma w/ biopsy (note the microcalcifications)

64
Q

IMAGE

an asymptomatic female patient appeared w/ a mass in her neck. Id the sonographic findings.

A

a well defined Adenoma w/ a cystic component w/ a hypoechoic halo is seen on the right lobe

65
Q

Image

a young woman presented w/ a palpable amss in her neck. describe the sonographic findings.

A

multinodular goiter is seen as an inhomogeneous enlarged tissue mass w/in the thyroid gland.

Color Doppler shows increased vascularity

66
Q

image

Id the structure measured by the cross marks

A

isthmus

transverse view - inferior border of the thyroid

67
Q

IMAGE

label # 1-6

A
  1. thyroid cartilage
  2. cricoid cartilage
  3. pyramidal lobe*
  4. isthmus*
  5. parathyroid gland
  6. trachea

*pyramidal lobe & isthmus = thyroid gland

68
Q

Image

label # 7-12

A
  1. inferior thyroid vein
  2. common carotid artery
  3. middle thyroid vein
  4. internal jugular vein
  5. superior thyroid vein
  6. superior thyroid artery
69
Q

image

label # 1-4

A
  1. thyroid gland
  2. **sternohyoid ** **2, 3, 4 make up the STRAP MUSCLES**
  3. **omohyoid
  4. **sternothyroid
70
Q

image

label # 5-9

A
  1. sternocleidomastoid muscle
  2. minor neurovascular bundle
  3. esophagus
  4. longus colli muscle
  5. vertebral body (C5)
71
Q

image

label # 10-12

A
  1. inferior thyroid artery
  2. common carotid artery
  3. internal jugular vein
72
Q

image

label # 13-15

A
  1. recurrent laryngeal nerve
  2. parathyroid gland
  3. trachea

ABDOMINAL II (DMS 122) (15 decks)

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