GI WB W/ IMAGES Flashcards
List the sequential parts of the digestive system.
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and large intestine (cecum;ascending, transverse, and descending colon; and rectum)
The lower end of the esophagus is a circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, constricting the tube so that the entrance to the stomach, at the _______, is generally closed. This helps to prevent gastric acid from moving up into the esophagus.
Cardiac orifice
The pylorus is further subdivided into the _____ , the _____canal, and the ______ sphincter.
antrum, pyloric, pyloric
The duodenal bulb is peritoneal, supported by the hepatoduodenal, and passes ________ to the common bile duct, gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and head of the pancreas.
anterior
The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to enter the_______.
ampulla of vater
The arteries that supply the esophagus include the inferior _____ branch of the ______ artery that supplies the upper esophagus; the descending _______ aorta that supplies the midesophagus; and the ______ branch of the celiac axis and the left inferior ______ artery of the abdominal aorta that supplies the lower end of the esophagus.
Thyroid, subclavian, thoracic, gastric, phrenic
The ______ outlines the small intestine and contains the superior mesenteric vessels, nerves, lymphatic glands, and fat between its two layers.
mesentery
The nutrients are transported to the liver after they are absorbed by the _____ ; the liver processes ans stores the nutrients.
blood
The three layers of smooth muscle in the wall enable the stomach to mash and churn food and move it along with_____.
peristalsis
Gastric glands secrete gastric juice containing________ acid and ______
hyrochloric, enzymes
The hormone _____ , which is released by the stomach mucosa, stimulates gastric acid secretion.
gastrin
Gastrointestinal hormones include ________ and ________.
choleystokinin, secretin
______ within the large intestine devour the chyme and it turn produce vitamins that can be absorbed and used by the body.
bacteria
The most common laboratory data the sonographer may come across in a patient with gastrointestinal disease relate to the presence of _____ in the stool.
blood
As a result of chronic blood loss, ____ may be present.
anemia
The _________ junction is seen on the sagittal scan to the left of the midline as a bull’s-eye or target-shaped structure anterior to the aorta, posterior to the left lobe of the liver, and inferior to the hemidiaphram.
gastroesophgeal
The gastric _____ can be seen as a target shape at the midline.
antrum
The sonographer usually cannot see the small bowel with ultrasound; the valvulae conniventes may be seen as linear echo densities spaced 3 to 5 mm apart. This is called the _______ and can be seen in the duodenum and jejunum.
“keyboard sign”
The appendix is located on the abdominal wall under _________
McBurney’s point
Localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue.
abscess
process of nutrient molecules passing through wall of intestine into blood or lymph system.
absorption
also known as the digestive tract; includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small and large intestine.
alimentary tract
a fecalith or calcification located in the appendix
appendicolith
accumulation of serous fluid in the abdomen
ascites
entrance of the esophagus into the stomach
cardiac orifice
hormone secreted into the blood by the mucosa of the upper small intestine; stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and pancreatic secretion of enzymes
cholecystokinin
inflammation of the bowl, accompanied by abscess and bowl wall thickining
Crohn’s disease
a pouchlike herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ that occurs in the stomach, the small intestine, or most commonly, the colon
diverticulum
first part of the duodenum
duodenal bulb
calcified deposit within the appendix; appendicitis can develop when the appendix becomes blocked by hard fecal matter
fecalith
endocrine hormone released from the stomach (stimulates secretion of gastric acid)
gastrin
helps support the lesser curvature of the stomach
gastrohepatic ligament
helps support the greater curvature of the stomach
gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic & lienorenal ligaments
ligament between the stomach and the spleen; helps support the stomach and spleen
gastrosplenic ligament
double fold of the peritoneum attached to the duodenum, stomach, and large intestine; helps support the greater curve of the stomach; known as the fatty apron
greater omentum
normal segmentation of the wall of the colon
haustra
collection of blood
hemorrhage
ascending colon rises from the right lower quadrant to bend at this point to form the transverse colon
hepatic flexure
membranous extension of the peritoneum that suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver; helps to support the lesser curvature of the stomach
lesser omentum
ligament between the spleen and the kidney that helps support the greater curvature of the stomach
lienorenal ligament
malignancy of the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver
lymphoma
located by drawling a line from the right anterosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus; at approximately the midpoint of this line lies the root of the appendix
McBurney’s point
site of maximum tenderness in the right lower quadrant; usually seen with appendicitis
McBurney’s sign
congenital sac or blind pouch found in the lower portion of the ileum
Meckel’s diverticulum
a fold from the parietal peritoneum that attaches to the small intestine, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall
mesentery
fifth layer of bowel
mesothelium
first layer of bowel
mucosa
third layer of bowel
muscularis
dilated fluid-filled bowel loops without peristalsis
paralytic ileus
rhythmic dilation and contraction of the gastrointestinal tract as food is propelled through it
peristalsis
a small tumor-like growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface
polyp
muscle that connects the stomach to the proximal duodenum
pyloric canal
inner folds of the stomach wall
rugae
released from small bowel as antacid; stimulates secretion of bicarbonate
secretin
forth layer of bowel; thin, loose layer of connective tissue, surrounded by mesothelium covering the intraperitoneal bowl loops
serosa
the transverse colon travels horizontally across the abdomen and bends at this point to form the descending colon
splenic flexure
one of the layers of the bowl, under the mucosal layer, contains blood vessels and lymph channels
submucosa
characteristic of gastrointestinal wall thickening consisting of an echogenic center and a hypoechoic rim
target sign
normal segmentation of the small bowel
valvulae conniventes
inner folds of the small intestine
villi
Describe the technique sonographers use to observe the upper GI tract
- drink 10-40 oz of H2O through a straw after baseline study of the upper ABD (the straw helps reduce air ingestion)
- Pt. is in upright position (causes air to rise to stomach fundus)
- lower GI tract requires no prep
- to image lower colon, pt may be given a H2O enema
describe the measures that should be taken if a patient presents with a “cystic” mass in the LUQ
several measurements can be taken to determine if the mass is the fluid-filled stomach or another mass arising from adjacent organs.
- give pt. a carbonated drink to see bubbles in the stomach
- ask the clinician to place a nasogastric tube for drainage
- watch for “stomach” to change shape or size w/ ingestion of fluids
- alter pt position - scan in upright or left or right lateral decubitus position
- watch for peristalsis
- ask the patient to drink water to see the swirling effect.
id the anatomic structure signified by the arrows
duodenum, when filled w/ small amount of fluid (arrows)
*serves as excellent landmark for the pancreas head
id the anatomy that is demonstrated in these images of the small bowel.
valvulae conniventes
id the internal structures that are demonstrated in these images of the stomach
A.) Sagital image: fluid filled stomach w/ rugae may be seen along the peripheral margins of the wall
B.) Transverse image of stomach and rugae
This image represents what structure?
collapsed stomach
id the structures demonstrated in the images recorded over the RLQ
fluid filled loops of bowel
Young patient presents with exquisite tenderness over the RUQ. What are the sonographic findings?
Appendicitis
