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ABDOMINAL II (DMS 122) > Pancreas WB > Flashcards

Pancreas WB Flashcards

1
Q

cells that perform exocrine function

A

acini cells

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2
Q

enzyme secreted by the pancreas to aid in the digestion of carbohydrates

A

amylase

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3
Q

lies in the midepigastrium anterior to the superior mesenteric artery and vein, aorta, and inferior vena cava

A

body of the pancreas

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4
Q

branch of the splenic artery that supplies the tail of the pancreas

A

caudal pancreatic artery

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5
Q

forms the lateral border of the head of the pancreas

A

C-loop of the duodenum

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6
Q

artery arising from the celiac trunk to supply the liver; forms the right superior border of the body and head of the pancreas and gives rise to the gastroduodenal artery

A

common hepatic artery

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7
Q

enlargement of the gallbladder caused by a slow, progressive obstruction of the distal common bile duct from an external mass such as adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head

A

Courvoisier’s sign (Courvoisier’s gallbladder)

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8
Q

inherited disorder of the exocrine glands; symptoms include mucous buildup within the lungs and other areas of the body; identified as fatty replacement of the glands

A

cystic fibrosis

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9
Q

branch of the splenic artery that supplies the body of the pancreas

A

dorsal pancreatic artery

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10
Q

small accessory duct of the pancreas found in the head of the pancreas

A

duct of Santorini

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11
Q

largest duct of the pancreas that drains the tail, body, and head of the gland; it joins the common bile duct to enter the duodenum through the ampulla of Vater

A

duct of Wirsung

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12
Q

function of the pancreas is production of the hormone insulin

A

endocrine

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13
Q

function of the pancreas is production and digestion of pancreatic juice; primary function of the pancreas

A

exocrine

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14
Q

hormone that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose; produced by alpha cells

A

glucagon

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15
Q

lies in the C-loop of the duodenum; the gastroduodenal artery is the anterolateral border and the common bile duct is the posterolateral border

A

head of the pancreas

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16
Q

elevated levels of calcium in the blood

A

hypercalcemia

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17
Q

congenital condition in which elevated fat levels cause pancreatitis

A

hyperlipidemia

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18
Q

dilated loops of bowel without peristalsis; associated with various abdominal problems, including pancreatitis, sickle cell crisis, and bowel obstruction

A

ileus

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19
Q

hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver and that allows circulating glucose to enter tissue cells

A

insulin

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20
Q

portion of the pancreas that has an endocrine function and produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

A

islets of Langerhans

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21
Q

pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats; enzyme is elevated in pancreatitis and remains increased longer than amylase

A

lipase

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22
Q

a malignant neoplasm that rises from the lymphoid tissues

A

lymphoma

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23
Q

small area of the pancreas between the head and the body; anterior to the superior mesenteric vein

A

neck of the pancreas

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24
Q

excessive bilirubin in the bloodstream caused by an obstruction of bile from the liver; characterized by a yellow discoloration of the sclera of the eye, skin, and mucous membranes

A

obstructive jaundice

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25
Q

fluid accumulation caused by a rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the abdomen; free-floating pancreatic enzymes are very dangerous to surrounding structures

A

pancreatic ascites

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26
Q

“sterile abscess” collection of pancreatic enzymes that accumulate in the available space in the abdomen (usually in or near the pancreas)

A

pancreatic pseudocyst

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27
Q

help supply blood to the pancreas along with the splenic artery

A

pancreaticoduodenal arteries

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28
Q

inflammation of the pancreas; may be acute or chronic

A

pancreatitis

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29
Q

junction of the splenic and main portal vein; posterior border of the body of the pancreas

A

portal-splenic confluence

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30
Q

a space or cavity that contains fluid but has no true endothelial lining membrane

A

pseudocyst

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31
Q

pancreatic enzyme that is elevated during pancreatitis

A

serum amylase

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32
Q

serves as the posterior border to the body of the pancreas

A

superior mesenteric artery

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33
Q

lies posterior to the neck/body of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process of the gland

A

superior mesenteric vein

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34
Q

tapered end of the pancreas that lies in the left hypochondrium near the hilus of the spleen and upper pole of the left kidney

A

tail of the pancreas

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35
Q

small, curved tip of the pancreatic head that lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vein

A

uncinate process

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36
Q

abnormal increase in white blood cells caused by infections

A

leukocytosis

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37
Q

The pancreas is located in the _______________ cavity posterior to the stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum of the small bowel.

A

retroperitoneal

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38
Q

The pancreatic gland appears sonographically _______________ to slightly more _______________ than the hepatic parenchyma.

A

isoechoic; hyperechoic

39
Q

The major posterior vascular landmarks of the pancreas are the _______________ and _______________.

A

aorta; IVC

40
Q

The head of the pancreas lies _______________ to the IVC.

A

anterior

41
Q

The _______________ crosses anterior to the uncinate process of the head of the gland and posterior to the neck and body.

A

SMV

42
Q

The tortuous _______________ is the superior border of the pancreas.

A

splenic artery

43
Q

The tail of the pancreas is more difficult to image because it lies anterior to the left kidney and posterior to the left _______________ and _______________.

A

colic flexure; transverse colon

44
Q

The _______________ receives tributaries from lobules at right angles and enters the medial second part of the duodenum with the CBD at the ampulla of Vater.

A

duct of Wirsung

45
Q

The blood supply for the pancreas is from the _______________ artery and the _______________ arteries.

A

splenic; pancreaticoduodenal

46
Q

The _______________ artery is seen along the anterolateral border of the pancreas as it travels a short distance along the anterior aspect of the pancreatic head.

A

gastroduodenal

47
Q

The _______________ duct crosses the anterior aspect of the portal vein to the right of the proper hepatic artery.

A

common bile

48
Q

The portal vein is _______________ to the IVC.

A

anterior

49
Q

The pancreas is both a digestive (_______________) and a hormonal (_______________) gland.

A

digestive (exocrine); hormonal (endocrine)

50
Q

Failure of the pancreas to furnish sufficient insulin leads to _______________.

A

diabetes mellitus

51
Q

Exocrine function is performed by _______________ of the pancreas.

A

acini cells

52
Q

The _______________ is a muscle surrounding the ampulla of Vater that relaxes to allow pancreatic juice and bile to empty into the duodenum.

A

Sphincter of Oddi

53
Q

The endocrine function is located in the _______________ in the pancreas.

A

islets of Langerhans

54
Q

The beta cells are most prevalent and produce _______________, a hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver.

A

insulin

55
Q

Alpha cells produce _______________, a hormone that causes the cells to release glucose to meet the energy needs of the body.

A

glucagons

56
Q

Delta cells are the smallest composition of endocrine tissue and produce _______________.

A

somatostatin

57
Q

There are specific enzymes of the pancreas that may become altered in pancreatic disease, namely _______________ and _______________.

A

amylase; lipase

58
Q

Both amylase and lipase rise at the same rate, but the elevation in _______________ concentration persists for a long period in pancreatitis.

A

lipase

59
Q

_______________ controls the blood sugar level in the body.

A

Glucose

60
Q

Name the structures that should be identified as landmarks to locate the pancreas.

A

SMA, SMV, portal vein, splenic vein, Aorta, IVC CBD, GDA, left renal vein, duodenal bulb, posterior wall of the stomach

61
Q

When the pancreas is enlarged, the anterior border of the _______________ may depict a slight indentation.

A

IVC

62
Q

When the pancreas becomes damaged and malfunctions as a result of increased secretion and blockage of ducts, _______________ occurs.

A

pancreatitis

63
Q

what vasculature structure is the arrows pointing to?

A

SMV is seen along the posterior border of the pancreas

64
Q

is this image trans or long and what are the arrows pointing to?

A

sagittal

arrows- IVC

65
Q

what are the arrows pointing to?

A

the spenic artery rises from the celiac axis and is seen as the posterior border of the neck of the pancreas

66
Q

what are the arrows pointing to?

A

hepatic artery

(this is the mickey mouse sign

66
Q

what are the arrows pointing to?

A

pancreatic duct

67
Q

45 year old male presents w/ midepigastric pain, elevated amylase and lipase levels, and tenderness. Id the sonographic findings.

A

sonographic findings consist of an enlarged, edematous pancreas –pancreatitis

68
Q

a patient w/ known acute pancreatitis presents with continued pain. describe sonographic findings.

A

sonographic findings consist of pancreatitis w/ a pancreatic pseudocyst

69
Q

*a 56 year old male w/ a 1 week Hx of jaundice & pain has reported a 3 month Hx of N&V, weight loss, and diarrhea. given the info what are the sonographic findings?

A

sonographic findings consist of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with a dilated pancreatic duct

70
Q

diagram

A
71
Q

diagram

A
72
Q

PANCREATITIS OCCURS WHEN?

A

the pancreas becomes damaged and malfunctions as a result of increased secretion and blockage of ducts

73
Q

What is an acute attack of pancreatitis commonly related to?

A

alcoholism & biliary tract disease

74
Q

Patients with pancreatitis typically present with

A

moderate to severe tenderness in the epigastrium radiating to teh back

75
Q

when swelling does occur, the gland is hypoechoic to anechoic and is less echogenic than the liver becuase of the increased prominence of?

A

lobulations and congested vessels

76
Q

the pancreatic duct may be obstructed in acute pancreatitis as a result of?

A

inflammation, spasm, edema, swelling of the papilla, and pseudocyst

77
Q

fluid collections around the pancreatic ____, along the ____ spaces, within the ____ pouch, and around the ____ may be present in a patient with acute pancreatitis

A

*bed *pararenal *Morison’s *duodenum

78
Q

patients with acute pancreatitis may develop complications, such as?

A

pseudocyst, phlegmon, abscess, hemorrhage, and duodenal obstruction

79
Q

courvoisier’s gallbladder

A

enlargement of the GB caused by a slow, progressive obstruction of the distal CBD from an external mass, such as adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head

80
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

hereditary disease that causes excessive production of thick mucus by the endocrine glands

81
Q

posterior vascular landmarks of the pancreas are

A

-aorta -IVC

82
Q

what is the water technique used to image the pancreas with ultrasound.

A
  • pt. drinks 32-300ml through a straw - in an erect or lateral decubitus - fluid dills the duodenal cap - outlines the lateral margin of the head of the pancreas - upright position allows air to move from the gastric antrum to the fundus of the stomach - causes the upper viscera to move downward for a better sonograhic window
83
Q

when the pancreas is enlarged, the ______ border of the _____ may depict’a slight indentation

A
  • anterior - IVC
84
Q

Grey Turner’s sign

A

NECROSIS of the blood vessels results in the development of HEMORRHAGIC areas

85
Q

phlegmon

A
  • spread along facial pathways - causes diffuse inflammatory edema of soft tissue
86
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A
  • obstructed pancreatic duct -with a buildup of protein plugs -results in calcifications along the duct
87
Q

how does a pseudocyst develops

A

pancreatic enzymes that escape the ductal system cause enzymatic digestion of surrounding tissue & pseudocyst development. The walls of the pseudocyst from various potential spaces in which escaped pancreatic enzymes are found. pseudocyst usually presents few symptoms until it becomes large enough to cause pressure on surrounding organ

88
Q

the most common pseudocyst is in the

A

lesser sac

89
Q

the lesser sac is ______ to the pancreas and ______ to the stomach

A
  • anterior - posterior
90
Q

A pseudocyst develops when ________ escape from the gland break down tissue to form _______ somewhere in the _______.

A
  • pancreatic enzymes - sterile abscess - stomach
91
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

the most common primary neoplasm of the pancreas

92
Q

what are the clinical findings in a patient with carcinoma of the pancreas

A
  • wt loss - painless jaundice - nausea - vomiting - changes in stool
93
Q

lymphoma

A

the most frequent parapancreatic neoplasm

ABDOMINAL II (DMS 122) (15 decks)

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