REST AND SLEEP Flashcards
these nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the rhythm of the sleep wake cycle and coordinate this cycle with other circadian rhythms
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
__ influence the pattern of major biological and behavioral functions, the predictable changing of
body temperature, heart rate, blood
pressure, hormone secretion, sensory
equity and mood depend on the
maintenance of the 24-hour circadian
cycle
circadian rhythms
major sleep center in the body ; it secretes hypocretins or orexins that promotes wakefulness and
rapid eye movement sleep then
prostaglandin d2 and the l-tryptophan
and the growth factors control sleep
hypothalamus
located in the upper brainstem contains special cells that maintain alertness and wakefulness
reticular activating system
activity from the cerebral cortex such as emotions stimulate the __
RAS
Arousal, wakefulness, and maintenance of consciousness results from the neurons in the RAS releasing catecholamines such as
norepinephrine
primarily regulates the length and the depth of sleep and the circadian rhythms
homeostatic process
Time of wake up is defined by the
intersection of process _ and the process _
S and C
this process rises during waking and declines during sleep
process S
The intersection of process S and
process C defines the time of __
wake up
is associated with changes in the
peripheral nervous endocrine
cardiovascular respiratory and the
muscular systems s
sleep
this instrument measures electrical activity in the cerebral cortex
electroencephalogram or EEG
this instrument measures muscle tone
electromyogram or EMG
this instrument measures eye movements provide information about some structural physiological aspects of sleep
electrooculogram or EOG
the sleep cycle lasts how many minutes
90-100
the pre-sleep period where the person is aware only of a gradually developing sleepiness lasts how many minutes
10-30 minutes
pre-sleep period lasts how many minutes if a person is having difficulties falling asleep
one hour or more
A person usually reaches REM sleep about __ minutes into the sleep cycle
90
Sleep becomes more fragmented with __
aging
contributes to body tissue
restoration so during sleep the heart rate falls to 60 beats per minute or less which benefits card job function
NREM sleep
is necessary for brain tissue
restoration and appears to be important for cognitive restoration and memory
REM sleep
A loss of REM sleep leads to feelings of __ and __
confusion and suspicion
Occur in NREM and REM sleep ; important for learning, memory, and
adaptation to stress
dreams
can cause pain, physical
discomfort, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances
physical illness
sleep related breathing disorders are linked to increased incidence of nocturnal angina or chest pain, increased heart rate electrocardiogram changes, high
blood pressure, and risk of heart
diseases and stroke
hypertension
such as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or the
(COPD), emphysema, asthma, allergies
or the common cold often interferes
with sleep
respiratory disorders
disrupts the sleep cycle
nocturia
Can occur before sleep onset ; symptoms include recurrent,
rhythmical movements of the feet and
legs patients feel an itching sensation
deep in the muscles
restless leg syndrome (RLS)
is a symptom patient’s experience when they chronically have difficulty falling asleep
insomnia
caused by a medical condition ; lack of air flow through the nose and mouth for periods of 10 seconds or longer during sleep
sleep apnea
what is the most common type of sleep apnea
obstructive apnea
what are the two risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea
obesity and hypertension
the upper airway becomes partially or completely blocked diminishing nasal airflow causing __ or stopping it which means apnea already for as long as 30 seconds
hypopnea
the most common complaint of OSA
excessive daytime sleepiness
type of apnea that involves dysfunction in the respiratory
control center of the brain ; common in patients with brain stem injury, the muscle dystrophy and the encephalitis ; they tend to awaken during sleep
central sleep apnea
a dysfunction of mechanisms
that regulate the sleep and waking states ; cataplexy, sleep paralysis ; During the day, a person suddenly feels an overwhelming wave of sleepiness and falls asleep so REM sleep occurs within 15 minutes of falling asleep
narcolepsy
Patients experience as a result of
dyssomnias causes include fever, difficulty breathing, pain, emotional stress, medications, and disturbances in the health ; emotional stress, medications, environmental ; prone to healthcare providers
sleep deprivation
more common in children ; Somnambulism (sleepwalking), Night
terrors, Nightmares, Nocturnal enuresis (bed-wetting), Body rocking, Bruxism ; more serious when adults have this
parasomnias
how many hours is the normal sleep requirement of neonates
16 hrs a day
how many hours is the normal sleep requirement of infants
8-10 hrs at night ; 15 hrs per day
how many hours is the normal sleep requirement of toddlers and preschoolers
12 hours a day
how many hours is the normal sleep requirement of school age
9-10 hrs a day
how many hours is the normal sleep requirement of adolescents
7 and a half hours
how many hours is the normal sleep requirement of young adults
6-8 and a half hours
in adolescents, shortened sleep time often result in __ which frequently leads to reduced performance in school, vulnerability to accidents, behavior and mood problems and increased use of alcohol
excessive daytime sleepiness
__increases the need for sleep and rest
pregnancy
causes a person to be
tense and often leads to frustration when sleeps does not occur, stress also causes a person to try too hard to fall asleep to awaken frequently during the sleep cycle or to oversleep so continued stress causes poor sleep habits
emotional stress
Description of sleeping problems, usual sleep pattern, current life events, physical and psychological illness, emotional and mental status, bedtime routines, bedtime environment, behaviors of sleep deprivation
sleep history
what are two subjective measures of sleep
epworth sleepiness scale
pittsburgh sleep quality index
A full meal before bedtime often calls
__ and interferes with ability to fall asleep
castor intestinal upset
is a neuro hormone produced
in the brain that helps control circadian rhythms and promotes sleep so it is a popular nutritional supplement that is found to be helpful in improving sleep efficiency and decreasing nighttime awakenings
melatonin
what is the recommended dose for melatonin
0.3-1mg 2 hours before bedtime
is effective in mild insomnia and RLS it of it affects the release of neurotransmitters and produces very mild sedation.
valerian
it helps promote sleeping patterns with anxiety ; should be used cautiously because it is potentially toxic on the liver
kava
a herbal tea has a mild
sedative effect that may be beneficial in promoting sleep
chamomile
medications that induce sleep are called
hypnotics
medications that produce a calming or soothing effect
sedatives
they are common classifications of drugs that are used treat sleep problems
benzodiazepines
