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My1 Resp > respiratory tract infections > Flashcards

respiratory tract infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are some URTI’s

A

coryza (common cold), pharyngitis, sinusitis, epiglottis, diphtheria

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2
Q

what are some LRTI’s

A

acute bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza

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3
Q

describe epiglottis and how to treat it

A

inflammation of the epiglottis, can obstruct airway and be life threatening, especially in children, endotracheal intubation and IV antibiotics

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4
Q

describe diphtheria

A

white-grey coating at back of mouth with other symptoms of infection. rare in UK but can be life-threatening due to toxin production

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5
Q

describe acute bronchitis

A

usually with COPD patients wheeze, productive cough and fever, usually self limiting, normal CXR and lung sounds, no antibiotics unless needed

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6
Q

which 4 viruses mainly cause common cold

A

adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus

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7
Q

how does sinusitis present

A

runny nose, frontal lobal headache

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8
Q

who most commonly gets bronchiolitis and what are the symptoms

A

babies, coryza with fever, cough and wheeze, resp sinus virus (RSV)

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9
Q

what are the complications of bronchiolitis

A

respiratory and cardiac failure

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10
Q

what are the 4 main chronic RTI’s

A

intrapulmonary abscess, empyema, bronchiectasis (chronic bronchial sepsis), cystic fibrosis

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11
Q

what can cause chronic infections

A

immunodeficiency and immunosuppression, abnormal innate defence (damaged bronchial mucosa) and repeated insult (recurrent infection)

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12
Q

what can cause immunodeficiency

A

CVID, no lymphocytes (protected up to 3 months from IgG), Di George (no thymus T cells, hypogammaglobulin (No B), hyposplenism, HIV, cancer

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13
Q

what causes immunosuppression

A

mainly drugs eg steroids, chemo, azathioprine

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14
Q

what causes innate defence

A

damaged bronchial mucosa from smoking, pneumonia, malignancy etc, abnormal cilia (kotsmanns and youngs), abnormal secretions (CF)

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15
Q

what causes repeated insult

A

recurrent aspiration eg NG tubes

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of an intrapulmonary abscess and what is it

A

liquefactive necrosis –> cavities weight loss, lethargy, cough +/- sputum

17
Q

what can cause intrapulmonary abscess, how do you identify it, how do you treat it

A

bacteria eg strep and staph, fungi eg aspirgillis, septic emboli, pneumonia, CT = orange, AB’s if needed

18
Q

what is empyema

A

pus in pleural cavity

19
Q

what can cause empyema

A

aerobic most frequent - pseudomans, strep milleri, staph A, e. coli, legionella

20
Q

what is the diagnosis of empyema

A

USS best, CT, D sign on chest xray

21
Q

what is the treatment for empyema

A

IV (amoxicillin, metronidazole), large effusion drain chest

22
Q

what is bronchiectasis

A

irreversibly widened airways that can collapse easily and cause obstruction. often cause crackles and abnormal cilia

23
Q

what can cause bronchiectasis

A

CF mainly

24
Q

what are the symptoms of bronchiectasis

A

recurrent chest infections, cough + sputum, chest crackles and pain

25
Q

what investigations are done for bronchiectasis

A

CT, hard to diagnose

26
Q

what is the treatment for persistent bronchiectasis

A

ceftazimide

27
Q

what is chronic bronchial sepsis

A

symptoms of bronchiectasis but no radiology results, positive sputum culture

28
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive disorder that can causes over-secretion and can lead to a failure to thrive. often low life expectancy

29
Q

what is the brief mechanism of CF

A

CFTR defective, chlorine not pumped out of cell and builds up, sodium follows it causing dehydration and thick mucous. this blocks ducts and impairs mucosal defence causing infections and inflammation

30
Q

how many people carry CF

A

1/25

31
Q

where is the CF mutation

A

G55TD gene of chromosome 7, Del508 inheritance

32
Q

what are the symptoms of CF

A

cough, infections, crackles, low BMI, trouble breathing, salty sweat - sweat test. is the main cause of bronchiectasis

33
Q

what treatments are available with CF

A

lifelong and lots of antibiotics, physiotherapy, OPHAT

34
Q

what is the problem with CF drugs

A

very expensive and not curative

My1 Resp (16 decks)

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