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My1 Resp > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is internal respiration

A

intracellular mechanisms where O2 is consumed and CO2 is produced

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2
Q

what is external respiration

A

sequence of events that lead to the exchange of CO2 and O2 between external environment and cells

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3
Q

what are the 4 steps of external respiration

A

ventilation
gas exchange (alevoli and blood)
Gas transport
gas exchange (at tissue)

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4
Q

what 4 systems are involved in respiration

A

resp, cardio, haemotology, nervous

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5
Q

define ventilation

A

The mechanical process by which air is moved between the atmosphere and the alveolar air sacs

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6
Q

what is boyle’s law

A

at constant temp, pressure exerted by gas varies inversely with volume of gas. As the volume the gas is contained in increases, the pressure decreases

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7
Q

what forces hold the lung and thoracic walls in close opposition

A

intrapleural fluid cohesiveness and negative intrapleural pressure

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8
Q

describe intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

A

water molecules in intrapleural fluid are attracted to each other and resist being pulled apart, sticking membrane together

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9
Q

describe negative intrapleural pressure

A

intrapleural pressure is less than lungs which creates a transmural pressure gradient, allowing them to expand outwards

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10
Q

in order for air to move into the lungs, what must the intra-alveolar pressure be and why

A

lower than atmospheric, follows pressure gradient from high –> low (boyles law)

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11
Q

directly before inspiration, what is the intra-alveolar pressure

A

= to atmospheric

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12
Q

is inspiration active or passive

A

active, depends on muscle contraction

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13
Q

what does contraction of the diaphragm do

A

increases thoracic volume vertically (decreases pressure in lungs)

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14
Q

what does contraction of external intercostal muscle do

A

lifts ribs and moves back sternum

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15
Q

is expiration active or passive

A

passive

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16
Q

what happens when lungs recoil to normal size

A

increases the pressure in the lungs (air leaves as pressure less in atmosphere)

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17
Q

why do lungs recoil in expiration

A

alveolar surface tension and elastic connective tissue

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18
Q

what is alveolar surface tension

A

attraction between water molecules with air in-between

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19
Q

what does alveolar surface provide

A

strength and prevention of collapse

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20
Q

what are alveoli with smaller radii more likely to do

A

collapse

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21
Q

what do type II alveoli secrete and why

A

surfactant (lipids and proteins), to lower surface tension and prevent collapse

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22
Q

what is alveolar interdependence

A

surrounding alveoli recoil to pull it open

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23
Q

what is a pneumothorax

A

air in pleural space

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24
Q

what do pneumothorax result in and why

A

collapsed lung as abolishes pressure gradient

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25
Q

what is respiratory distress syndrome of newborns

A

lungs can’t synthesis surfactant

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26
Q

what are the major muscles of inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

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27
Q

what are the accessory muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, pectoral

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28
Q

what are the active muscles of expiration

A

abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

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29
Q

what is the tidal volume (TV)

A

volume of air entering/ leaving the lungs in a single breath

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30
Q

what is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

extra volume that can be inspired beyond TV

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31
Q

what is the inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

maximum volume of air that can be inspired TV + IRV

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32
Q

what is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

extra volume that can be expired after tidal volume

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33
Q

what is the residual volume (RV)

A

the volume left in lungs after maximal expiration (can’t be measured with spirometry)

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34
Q

what is the functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

volume of air in lungs after normal expiration (RV + ERV)

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35
Q

what is the vital capacity (VC)

A

maximum volume of air that can be expired after maximum inspiration (IRV + TV + ERV)

36
Q

what is the total lung capacity (TLC)

A

RV + VC

37
Q

what is the forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

maximum volume that can be forcibly expired following maximum inspiration

38
Q

what is the forced expiratory volume in a second (FEV1)

A

forced expired volume in 1 second of FVC

39
Q

what is the normal FEV1/FVC ratio

A

70%

40
Q

in an obstructive lung disease (eg asthma) what would the FEV1, FVC and FEV1/ FVC show

A

FVC = normal/ low
FEV1 = low
FEV1/ FVC = low

41
Q

in a restrictive lung disease what would the FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC show

A

FVC low
FEV1 low
FEV1/FVC normal

42
Q

in a combination of restrictive and obstructive what would FEV1 etc show

A

errything low

43
Q

what is the biggest factor in airway resistance

A

radius

44
Q

what does parasympathetic stimulation have on the lungs

A

bronchocontriction

45
Q

what does sympathetic stimulation have on the lungs

A

bronchodilation

46
Q

what is the dynamic airway compression

A

as we expire, the rising intrapleural pressure squeezes the alveoli and forces the air out of them (like toothpaste)

47
Q

what can peak flow be used to diagnose

A

obstructive lung disease eg asthma and COPD

48
Q

what is pulmonary compliance

A

how easy/ difficult it is to stretch the lungs

49
Q

what does decreased compliance mean and what can cause it

A

more effort to inflate, restrictive pattern (pulmonary fibrosis, oedema, collapse, pneumonia)

50
Q

what does increased compliance mean and what can cause it

A

elastic recoil is lost, lungs stay inflated (hyperinflated) and it is harder to breath out. obstructive pattern (COPD)

51
Q

how is working of breathing increases

A

increased resistance, decreased compliance, decreased recoil and need for ventilation

52
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

volume of air breathed in and out per minute (resp rate x TV)

53
Q

what is dead space, what affect does it have on alveolar ventilation

A

volume of air that is inspired but not exchanged, decreases it

54
Q

what is alveolar dead space

A

ventilated alveoli with inadequate blood perfusion

55
Q

what is the physiological dead space

A

anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

56
Q

how can pulmonary ventilation be increased

A

increasing depth and resp rate

57
Q

where is the most blood flow in the lungs

A

bottom

58
Q

what effect does accumulation of CO2 due to increased perfusion have on the airflow and resistance

A

increases perfusion and airflow, decreases resistance

59
Q

what effect does increased O2 due to increased ventilation

A

vasodilation

60
Q

what are the 4 factors affecting gas exchange

A

partial pressure gradient of O2 and CO2.
Diffusion coefficient for O2 and CO2.
surface area of alveolar membrane.
Thickness of alveolar membrane

61
Q

what is the partial pressure of a gas

A

the pressure a gas exerts in a mixture of gases

62
Q

which has a larger partial pressure

A

oxygen

63
Q

what is the diffusion coefficient of a gas

A

solubility of a gas across membranes

64
Q

how much greater is the diffusion coefficient of CO2 than O2

A

20 (20x more soluble)

65
Q

what is ficks law of diffusion

A

amount of gas that moves across a tissue is proportional to the area and thickness of tissue

66
Q

what is henry’s law

A

amount of gas dissolved in a volume of liquid is proportional to the partial pressure

67
Q

if the partial pressure increased, what would happen to the concentration of a gas

A

increase

68
Q

what are the 2 ways O2 is transported in the blood and which is more prominent

A

dissolving (1.5%) and haemoglobin (98.5%)

69
Q

how may heam groups does HB have, how much O2 binds to each

A

4, 1 O2 molecule

70
Q

what increases % saturation of HB

A

partial pressure of O2

71
Q

what is the O2 content of arterial blood determined by

A

HB concentration and saturation

72
Q

what can impair O2 delivery

A

resp diseases, anaemia and heart failure

73
Q

what happens to the pressure as blood moves from pulmonary capillaries to systemic capillaries

A

decreases

74
Q

what happens to HB’s affinity for O2 when 1 molecule binds

A

increases affinity, cooperativity effect

75
Q

what is the Bohr effect

A

shift to the right in O2 curve, more O2 released at lower partial pressure of O2 (tissues)

76
Q

what factors influence the bohr effect

A

increases pressure of CO2, increased acidity and increased temp

77
Q

how does foetal Hb differ from adult Hb

A

has 2 alpha and 2 gamma subunits, increasing it’s affinity for O2 and can transfer even at low oxygen pressure

78
Q

where is myoglobin mainly found

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle

79
Q

why is myoglobin needed

A

releases O2 at very low Po2, short term storage for O2 in anaerobic conditions

80
Q

what is the ratio of O2 to myoglobin

A

1:1

81
Q

what does myoglobin indicate

A

muscle damage

82
Q

how is CO2 carried

A

10% solution, 60% bicarbonate, 30% carbamino compounds

83
Q

where does the formation of bicarbonate (HCO3) happen and what catalyses it

A

red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase

84
Q

how do carbamino compounds form

A

amino group + CO2 in blood proteins

85
Q

where does CO2 bind to in heamoglobin and what does this form

A

globin, carbamino-haemoglobin

86
Q

what is the haldane effect

A

removing O2 from Hb increases it;s ability to pick up CO2 and CO2 generated H+

87
Q

what 2 effects work together to facilate O2 release and Co2 pickup

A

Bohr and haldane

My1 Resp (16 decks)

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