Respiratory System- Taylor Flashcards by Brehana Hawkins

What are the three levels of the nasal cavity?

Vestibule
Respiratory area
Olfactory area

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What covers the internal nose cavities and septum?

Lamina propria

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What type of skin is found in the vestibule?

Hairy skin

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

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What does the respiratory cavity do?

Conditions the inflow of air

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What type if epi lines the respiratory cavity?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi

Respiratory mucosa

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What are the 5 cell types in the respiratory mucosa?

Basal cells
Small granule cells
Ciliated columnar cells
Goblet cells 
Brush cells

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This RM cell is like a stem cell that gives rise to others.

Basal cells

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These RM cells have secretory granules that help out with the diffuse neuroendocrine system.

Small granule cells

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These RM cells beat and move mucus towards the nasopharnyx.

Ciliated columnar cells

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These RM cells synthesize and secrete mucus.

Goblet cells

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These RM cells are columnar with microvilli basally in contact with afferent nerve endings (sensory receptors).

Brush cells

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Places RM is found

Para nasal sinuses
Nasopharnyx
Auditory tube
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles

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Where is lamina propria of RM located?

Between epithelium and periosteum of nasal bone

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What is the olfactory cavity lined with?

Olfactory epi: pseudostratified columnar epi

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What are the four cell types in the olfactory epithelium?

Olfactory cells
Supporting cells
Basal stem cells
Brush cells

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What type of neurons are olfactory cells?

Bipolar

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How do supporting cells help olfactory cells?

They create junction all complexes with them

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Which olfactory cell contains lipofuscin?

Supporting cells

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Where are basal stem cells of olfactory epi located?

Between lamina propria and epithelium

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What do the brush cells of the olfaction epi do?

Have microvilli and send tactile signals, not odor ones

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What do the olfactory glands do?

This multicellular gland provides fluid around the receptor cilia.

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What are paranasal spaces?

Bones spaces that surround and connect to the nasal cavities

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The para nasal sinuses are:

Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Frontal

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How is the sinus mucosa different from the RM?

Fewer goblet cells

Thinner

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What is the lamina propria at the roof of the nasopharnyx?

Pharyngeal tonsil

What is the organ of phonation?

The larynx

Where is stratified squamous epi found in the larynx?

Epiglottis | Vocal cords

What is the mucociliary ellevator?

The cilia mechanism of the trachea that removes small particles from lungs and airways.

What types of glands are in the lamina propria of the trachea?

Multicellular seromucous glands

What provides structure for the windpipe?

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

What spans the open parts of the C-shaped rings?

Fibroelastic ligament | Trachealis muscle

What does the visceral pleura become continuous with?

Mediastinal pleura at the lung root of the hills

What are the different portions of the parietal pleura?

``` Costal Diaphragmatic Mediastinal Pleura cupula Pleura recesses ```

What is the costal parietal connected to?

Inner side of ribs | Sternum

What does the mediastinal parietal pleura cover?

Lateral aspect of mediastinum

What does the mediastinal portion form at the hilum?

Pleural sleeve | Pulmonary ligament

Which parietal pleura protrudes over ribs 1 and covers lung apex?

Pleura cupula or cervical

Where one part of parietal pleura comes in contact with another

Pleura recesses

What type epi is in the parietal pleura?

Simple squamous epi | Mesothelium - secretes mucous

Structures of the hilum are surrounded by ...

... Pleural sleeve

Structures of the hilum:

``` Main bronchus One pulmonary artery per root 2 pulmonary veins per root Lymphatic vessels and nodes Nerves ```

Right lung

``` 2 fissures (horizontal and oblique) Three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) Contains more air than left ```

Left lung

1 fissure (oblique) 2 lobes (superior and inferior) Cardiac notch Lingula (wraps around heart)

Which way do the main bronchi pass?

Inferolaterally towards hilum

How does the bronchus maintain flexability?

Elastic fibers in the lamina propria

Structure within bronchus:

Hyaline cartilage plates

What is the first branch of the primary bronchi?

Lobar bronchi

Right lung lobar branches

Upper Intermediate Middle Inferior

Left lung lobar branches

Upper | Lower

What are the tertiary bronchi and how many are there?

Segmental bronchi | 10 per lung

Where do the tertiary branches lead to?

Bronchopulmonary segment

What provides the mucous layer that moves upwards due to mucociliary elevator?

Goblet cells

What do the smallest divide into?

Terminal bronchioles

What do the terminal bronchioles divide into?

Respiratory bronchioles

Bronchioles DO NOT have:

Cartilage | Multicellular glands

What do respiratory bronchioles branch into?

Alveolar ducts

What arises from alveolar ducts?

Alveolar sacs

What makes up the alveolar walls?

Type I alveolar cells Type II alveolar cells Brush cells

Which type of alveolar cells are tightly joined together?

Type I

Which type of alveolar cells secrete surfactant?

Type II

What does the pulmonary circulation do?

Oxygenate the blood

Pulmonary arterial trunk blood flow pathway:

Unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle -> trunk divides to right and left pulm arteries -> left and right roots -> lobar branch -> segmental branches -> alveoli -> pulm capillaries

Pulmonary venule trunk blood flow pathway:

Venules carry newly oxygenated blood from pulm capillaries to pulm veins -> segmental veins -> two pulm veins per lung

What does the bronchial circulation do?

Supplies oxygen to the visceral pleura, supporting tissue of the lung, and walls of the bronchi

Bronchial circulation arteries

2 left bronchial arteries arise from aorta and right one comes from posterior intercostal artery

Bronchial circulation veins:

Drain to venous azygous system (post. wall of thorax)

Lymph pathway in lungs:

Lymphatic vessels filtered by lung lymph nodes -> hilar nodes -> nodes at tracheal bifurcation -> nodes along side of trachea -> left and right bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk -> right lymphatic duct