Respiratory System- Taylor Flashcards
What are the three levels of the nasal cavity?
Vestibule
Respiratory area
Olfactory area
What covers the internal nose cavities and septum?
Lamina propria
What type of skin is found in the vestibule?
Hairy skin
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
What does the respiratory cavity do?
Conditions the inflow of air
What type if epi lines the respiratory cavity?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi
Respiratory mucosa
What are the 5 cell types in the respiratory mucosa?
Basal cells Small granule cells Ciliated columnar cells Goblet cells Brush cells
This RM cell is like a stem cell that gives rise to others.
Basal cells
These RM cells have secretory granules that help out with the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
Small granule cells
These RM cells beat and move mucus towards the nasopharnyx.
Ciliated columnar cells
These RM cells synthesize and secrete mucus.
Goblet cells
These RM cells are columnar with microvilli basally in contact with afferent nerve endings (sensory receptors).
Brush cells
Places RM is found
Para nasal sinuses Nasopharnyx Auditory tube Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles
Where is lamina propria of RM located?
Between epithelium and periosteum of nasal bone
What is the olfactory cavity lined with?
Olfactory epi: pseudostratified columnar epi
What are the four cell types in the olfactory epithelium?
Olfactory cells
Supporting cells
Basal stem cells
Brush cells
What type of neurons are olfactory cells?
Bipolar
How do supporting cells help olfactory cells?
They create junction all complexes with them
Which olfactory cell contains lipofuscin?
Supporting cells
Where are basal stem cells of olfactory epi located?
Between lamina propria and epithelium
What do the brush cells of the olfaction epi do?
Have microvilli and send tactile signals, not odor ones
What do the olfactory glands do?
This multicellular gland provides fluid around the receptor cilia.
What are paranasal spaces?
Bones spaces that surround and connect to the nasal cavities
The para nasal sinuses are:
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Frontal
How is the sinus mucosa different from the RM?
Fewer goblet cells
Thinner
What is the lamina propria at the roof of the nasopharnyx?
Pharyngeal tonsil
What is the organ of phonation?
The larynx
Where is stratified squamous epi found in the larynx?
Epiglottis
Vocal cords
What is the mucociliary ellevator?
The cilia mechanism of the trachea that removes small particles from lungs and airways.
What types of glands are in the lamina propria of the trachea?
Multicellular seromucous glands
What provides structure for the windpipe?
C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
What spans the open parts of the C-shaped rings?
Fibroelastic ligament
Trachealis muscle
What does the visceral pleura become continuous with?
Mediastinal pleura at the lung root of the hills
What are the different portions of the parietal pleura?
Costal Diaphragmatic Mediastinal Pleura cupula Pleura recesses
What is the costal parietal connected to?
Inner side of ribs
Sternum
What does the mediastinal parietal pleura cover?
Lateral aspect of mediastinum
What does the mediastinal portion form at the hilum?
Pleural sleeve
Pulmonary ligament
Which parietal pleura protrudes over ribs 1 and covers lung apex?
Pleura cupula or cervical
Where one part of parietal pleura comes in contact with another
Pleura recesses
What type epi is in the parietal pleura?
Simple squamous epi
Mesothelium - secretes mucous
Structures of the hilum are surrounded by …
… Pleural sleeve
Structures of the hilum:
Main bronchus One pulmonary artery per root 2 pulmonary veins per root Lymphatic vessels and nodes Nerves
Right lung
2 fissures (horizontal and oblique) Three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) Contains more air than left
Left lung
1 fissure (oblique)
2 lobes (superior and inferior)
Cardiac notch
Lingula (wraps around heart)
Which way do the main bronchi pass?
Inferolaterally towards hilum
How does the bronchus maintain flexability?
Elastic fibers in the lamina propria
Structure within bronchus:
Hyaline cartilage plates
What is the first branch of the primary bronchi?
Lobar bronchi
Right lung lobar branches
Upper
Intermediate
Middle
Inferior
Left lung lobar branches
Upper
Lower
What are the tertiary bronchi and how many are there?
Segmental bronchi
10 per lung
Where do the tertiary branches lead to?
Bronchopulmonary segment
What provides the mucous layer that moves upwards due to mucociliary elevator?
Goblet cells
What do the smallest divide into?
Terminal bronchioles
What do the terminal bronchioles divide into?
Respiratory bronchioles
Bronchioles DO NOT have:
Cartilage
Multicellular glands
What do respiratory bronchioles branch into?
Alveolar ducts
What arises from alveolar ducts?
Alveolar sacs
What makes up the alveolar walls?
Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells
Brush cells
Which type of alveolar cells are tightly joined together?
Type I
Which type of alveolar cells secrete surfactant?
Type II
What does the pulmonary circulation do?
Oxygenate the blood
Pulmonary arterial trunk blood flow pathway:
Unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle -> trunk divides to right and left pulm arteries -> left and right roots -> lobar branch -> segmental branches -> alveoli -> pulm capillaries
Pulmonary venule trunk blood flow pathway:
Venules carry newly oxygenated blood from pulm capillaries to pulm veins -> segmental veins -> two pulm veins per lung
What does the bronchial circulation do?
Supplies oxygen to the visceral pleura, supporting tissue of the lung, and walls of the bronchi
Bronchial circulation arteries
2 left bronchial arteries arise from aorta and right one comes from posterior intercostal artery
Bronchial circulation veins:
Drain to venous azygous system (post. wall of thorax)
Lymph pathway in lungs:
Lymphatic vessels filtered by lung lymph nodes -> hilar nodes -> nodes at tracheal bifurcation -> nodes along side of trachea -> left and right bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunk -> right lymphatic duct
