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Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II > Nutrition- Fitz > Flashcards

Nutrition- Fitz Flashcards

0
Q

BMR

A

Basal metabolic rate

- for counting calories, without the right caloric intake the body uses up its fats and muscles

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1
Q

BMI

A

Body mass index

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2
Q

What’s the best type of DL?

A

HDL

- the others contribute to atherosclerosis

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3
Q

TPN

A

Total peripheral nutrition

- for people whose digestive system is shut down, inserted at subclavian, gives the body it’s nutrition

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4
Q

From where is cholesterol derived?

A

Diet: excreted in feces
Liver: secretion into bile, formation of bile salts

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5
Q

What happens to most of blood glucose?

A

Goes to brain

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6
Q

End products of postabsorptive state:

A

: Glucose to nervous tissue
FAs -> energy, CO2, water to most tissues, excluding nervous
Ketones -> energy, CO2, water to most tissues, including nervous

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7
Q

Increased plasma insulin: absorptive state in muscle

A

Increased glucose uptake
Glycogen synthesis
AA uptake
Protein synthesis

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8
Q

Increased plasma insulin: absorptive state in adipocytes

A

Increased glucose uptake

Triglyceride synthesis

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9
Q

Increased plasma insulin: absorptive state in the liver

A

Decreased gluconeogenesis
Glycogen synthesis
Triglyceride synthesis
No ketone synthesis

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10
Q

Where are insulin target tissue receptors located?

A

Muscle
Adipocytes
Liver

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11
Q

High glucose levels results in:

A

: insulin secretion from the pancreas beta cells

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12
Q

Low glucose levels result in:

A

: glucagon secretion by the alpha cells in the pancreas

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13
Q

What are incretins?

A

Insulin-associated proteins that stimulate pancreas beta cells to secrete insulin

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14
Q

What inhibits the secretion of insulin from the pancreas beta cells?

A

Sympathetic activity -> plasma EP

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15
Q

DM I

A

Juvenile onset

Immune system attacks beta cells

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16
Q

DM II

A

Ineffective insulin receptor

Lethargic with low glucose

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17
Q

What is the sympathetic response to low glucose?

A

Adrenal medulla stimulated to secrete EP
Increased activity of sympathetic nerves in liver and adipose
Results in increase in plasma glucose, FAs, and glycerol

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18
Q

Effects of EP on insulin and glucagon:

A

: Negative effect on insuli

Positive effect on glucagon

19
Q

What do basal concentrations of cortisol allow for?

A

Stimulation of gluconeogenesis and lipolysis in the postabsorptive state

20
Q

Increased cortisol concentrations in plasma:

A

: Increased protein catabolism
Increased gluconeogenesis
Decreased glucose uptake
Increased triglyceride breakdown

21
Q

Growth hormone is similar to ______ and opposite ______.

A

Cortisol

Insulin

22
Q

Gluconeolysis regulators

A

Glucagon

EP

23
Q

Gluconeogenesis regulators

A

Glucagon, EP, cortisol, GH

24
Q

Lipolysis regulators

A

EP, cortisol, GH

25
Q

Inhibition of glucose uptake regulators

A

Cortisol, GH

26
Q

Exercise and stress

A

Decreased glucose (being uptaken)
Increased glucagon
Decreased insulin
Decreased cortisol

27
Q

Total energy =

A

Energy released as heat + energy to perform work

28
Q

Things that decrease BMR:

A

: Sleep
Increased age
Being a female
Fasting (to conserve energy)

29
Q

Energy from food intake=

A

Internal heat produced + external work + energy stored

30
Q

What is leptin?

A

A secretant that alters hypothalamic centers to control energy stores (and also appetite)

31
Q

How are ghrelin and leptin related?

A

They’re opposite one another.

Ghrelin stimulates hunger while leptin inhibits it.

32
Q

Relation of increased fat with increased blood pressure:

A

: Increased fat -> increased vasculature -> increased resistance -> increased blood pressure

33
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

The cause of fever. They raise temp to combat an infection. They’re secreted by the liver and macrophages

34
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Abnormally low plasma glucose concentration

35
Q

Assembly

A

Anabolism

36
Q

Breakdown

A

Catabolism

37
Q

Molecules within the arcuate nucleus that are targeted by leptin:

A

: Alpha MSH

Cart

38
Q

Syndrome affecting lateral hypothalamus:

A

Anorexia

39
Q

Syndrome affecting ventral medial hypthalamus:

A

Obesity

-faulty leptin receptors

40
Q

Products of anabolism and catabolism in energy balance:

A

: Glucose
FAs
Triglycerides

41
Q

What does leptin do?

A

It regulates body mass by decreasing appetite and increasing energy expenditure

42
Q

What happens during leptin depletion?

A

Adaptive response to fight starvation

43
Q

Nuclei that leptin affects:

A

Lateral hypothalamic (2)
Arcuate
Periventricular

44
Q

What does brown adipose do?

A

More common in children and Arctic-residing population

Heat production and insulation

Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II (16 decks)

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