Nutrition- Fitz Flashcards
BMR
Basal metabolic rate
- for counting calories, without the right caloric intake the body uses up its fats and muscles
BMI
Body mass index
What’s the best type of DL?
HDL
- the others contribute to atherosclerosis
TPN
Total peripheral nutrition
- for people whose digestive system is shut down, inserted at subclavian, gives the body it’s nutrition
From where is cholesterol derived?
Diet: excreted in feces
Liver: secretion into bile, formation of bile salts
What happens to most of blood glucose?
Goes to brain
End products of postabsorptive state:
: Glucose to nervous tissue
FAs -> energy, CO2, water to most tissues, excluding nervous
Ketones -> energy, CO2, water to most tissues, including nervous
Increased plasma insulin: absorptive state in muscle
Increased glucose uptake
Glycogen synthesis
AA uptake
Protein synthesis
Increased plasma insulin: absorptive state in adipocytes
Increased glucose uptake
Triglyceride synthesis
Increased plasma insulin: absorptive state in the liver
Decreased gluconeogenesis
Glycogen synthesis
Triglyceride synthesis
No ketone synthesis
Where are insulin target tissue receptors located?
Muscle
Adipocytes
Liver
High glucose levels results in:
: insulin secretion from the pancreas beta cells
Low glucose levels result in:
: glucagon secretion by the alpha cells in the pancreas
What are incretins?
Insulin-associated proteins that stimulate pancreas beta cells to secrete insulin
What inhibits the secretion of insulin from the pancreas beta cells?
Sympathetic activity -> plasma EP
DM I
Juvenile onset
Immune system attacks beta cells
DM II
Ineffective insulin receptor
Lethargic with low glucose
What is the sympathetic response to low glucose?
Adrenal medulla stimulated to secrete EP
Increased activity of sympathetic nerves in liver and adipose
Results in increase in plasma glucose, FAs, and glycerol
Effects of EP on insulin and glucagon:
: Negative effect on insuli
Positive effect on glucagon
What do basal concentrations of cortisol allow for?
Stimulation of gluconeogenesis and lipolysis in the postabsorptive state
Increased cortisol concentrations in plasma:
: Increased protein catabolism
Increased gluconeogenesis
Decreased glucose uptake
Increased triglyceride breakdown
Growth hormone is similar to ______ and opposite ______.
Cortisol
Insulin
Gluconeolysis regulators
Glucagon
EP
Gluconeogenesis regulators
Glucagon, EP, cortisol, GH
Lipolysis regulators
EP, cortisol, GH
Inhibition of glucose uptake regulators
Cortisol, GH
Exercise and stress
Decreased glucose (being uptaken)
Increased glucagon
Decreased insulin
Decreased cortisol
Total energy =
Energy released as heat + energy to perform work
Things that decrease BMR:
: Sleep
Increased age
Being a female
Fasting (to conserve energy)
Energy from food intake=
Internal heat produced + external work + energy stored
What is leptin?
A secretant that alters hypothalamic centers to control energy stores (and also appetite)
How are ghrelin and leptin related?
They’re opposite one another.
Ghrelin stimulates hunger while leptin inhibits it.
Relation of increased fat with increased blood pressure:
: Increased fat -> increased vasculature -> increased resistance -> increased blood pressure
What are pyrogens?
The cause of fever. They raise temp to combat an infection. They’re secreted by the liver and macrophages
What is hypoglycemia?
Abnormally low plasma glucose concentration
Assembly
Anabolism
Breakdown
Catabolism
Molecules within the arcuate nucleus that are targeted by leptin:
: Alpha MSH
Cart
Syndrome affecting lateral hypothalamus:
Anorexia
Syndrome affecting ventral medial hypthalamus:
Obesity
-faulty leptin receptors
Products of anabolism and catabolism in energy balance:
: Glucose
FAs
Triglycerides
What does leptin do?
It regulates body mass by decreasing appetite and increasing energy expenditure
What happens during leptin depletion?
Adaptive response to fight starvation
Nuclei that leptin affects:
Lateral hypothalamic (2)
Arcuate
Periventricular
What does brown adipose do?
More common in children and Arctic-residing population
Heat production and insulation
