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Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II > Pancreas And Beyond- Fitz > Flashcards

Pancreas And Beyond- Fitz Flashcards

0
Q

How much substance is absorbed by the SI?

A

6700 mL

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1
Q

How much water and solids are ingested vs excreted per day?

A

1200 mL of water -> 100 mL of water

500-800 g of solids -> 50 g of solids

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2
Q

How much substance is absorbed by the LI?

A

1400 mL

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3
Q

What two things tell pancreas there’s food in the stomach?

A

Vagus nerve

Pacinian corpuscle receptors

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4
Q

How does CCK finish what the vagus started in the pancreas?

A

Stimulates acinar cells for secreting enzymes

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5
Q

How does pH increase in the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic bicarbonate secreted first via secretin stimulation

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6
Q

Why would gastrin inhibit the pancreas?

A

Too much fat or protein still present in food

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7
Q

What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas do?

A

Produces pancreatic juice that is rich in bicarbonate and digesting enzymes

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8
Q

Which ducts come together at the sphincter of Oddi?

A

Pancreatic duct

Common bile duct

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9
Q

What is the substrate for [trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase]?

A

Proteins

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10
Q

What does [trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase] do?

A

Break peptide bonds in proteins to form peptide fragments

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11
Q

What is the substrate for carboxypeptidase?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

What does carboxypeptidase do?

A

Splits off terminal AA from carboxyl end of protein

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13
Q

What is the substrate for lipase?

A

Fats

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14
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Splits off two FAs from triglycerides, forming free FAs and monoglycerides

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15
Q

What is the substrate for amylase?

A

Polysaccharides

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16
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Splits polysaccharides into glucose and maltose

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17
Q

What is the substrate for [ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease]?

A

Nucleic acids

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18
Q

What does [ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease] do?

A

Split Nucleic acids into free mononucleotides

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19
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhan

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20
Q

What are the primary hormones made by the islets of Langerhan?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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21
Q

What do alpha islet tumor cells result in?

A

Diabetes

-glucagon

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22
Q

What do beta islet tumor cells result in?

A

Hypoglycemia

-insulin

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23
Q

What do delta islet tumor cells result in?

A

Diabetes

  • somatostatin
  • inhibits insulin and glucagon
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24
Islet configuration connections:
:tj, desmosomes, gj
25
How many islets of Langerhan do we have?
1-2 million
26
What does glucagon resemble?
Secretin 29 AAs GIP VIP
27
What does glucagon do?
Cleave glycogen | Makes new glucose
28
What are the target organs for glucagon?
Liver | Adipose cells
29
What stimulates alpha cells -> glucagon?
``` AAs Ach EP NRE VIP CCK-PZ ```
30
What is insulin synthesized as?
A promolecule-> proinsulin
31
What does insulin look like?
Alpha chain with 21 AAs, Beta chain with 30 AAs | Linked by disulfide bonds
32
What was the first molecule made by recombinant DNA?
Insulin
33
What are insulin receptors like?
2 alpha chains bind to insulin 2 beta chains have tyrosine kinase domains -phosphorylation and internalization
34
What inhibits beta cells -> insulin?
Somatostatin from delta cells EP from sympathetic system NRE from sympathetic system
35
What does pancreatic somatostatin do?
Regulates movement of nutrients Regulates GH Decrease acid secretion, motility Slow absorption
36
What increases pancreatic somatostatin?
NRE - stimulates sympathetics
37
What decreases pancreatic somatostatin?
Ach - inhibits parasympathetics
38
What does pancreatic polypeptide do?
Suppresses pancreatic somatostatin | Inhibits gall bladder and pancreas secretion
39
Reasons for gall bladder removal:
:gall stones, cancer, dysfunctional (not enough bile ejected)
40
What side of the body is the liver on?
Right
41
What does the liver do?
Produce bile
42
What does the liver store?
Glucose as glycogen
43
What vitamins are stored in the liver?
A, D, K, B12, folate
44
What is the name of the specialized cells in the liver's filter system?
Kupffer cells ingest and breakdown toxic matter
45
Hepatic portal system
Specialized vasculature that delivers absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing before being delivered to the rest of the body
46
All bile salts are derivatives of :
: cholesterol
47
Where does the arterial supply to the liver originate?
Blood from heart
48
Where does blood in the portal vein originate?
From the intestines
49
Why is little bile lost in the feces?
Bile is reabsorbed by the portal system in the ileum
50
How does bilirubin get to the liver?
Bound to albumin
51
What does bilirubin do?
Breakdown RBC
52
Neonatal jaundice causes
Too much fat from breast milk, not enough fluid
53
Hepatitis A
Undercooked food
54
Hepatitis B
Sexual transmission, needles
55
Hepatitis C
Via blood transfusion or organ donors | Occurs years later
56
Alcohol related jaundice
Cirrhosis of the liver
57
Cancer related jaundice
Blockage of ductal areas, ie bile ducts
58
How is bacteria related to bilirubin?
It aids in bilirubin processing
59
How do bile salts get from primary to secondary?
Via bacteria
60
What do bile salts do?
Emulsify fats by surrounding it and breaking it down so that it can diffuse across epi membrane
61
What happens when fats come back together after they've crossed the epi membrane?
Form chylomicron -> enter central lacteal -> go thru portal system -> to liver
62
How long is the SI?
20 feet long | 1 inch diameter
63
How long is the duodenum?
1 foot
64
How long is the jejunum?
8 feet
65
How long is the ileum?
11 feet
66
What are plica circularis?
Permanent folds that contain part of submucosa | -none in lower ileum
67
What are stomach villi?
Surface structure that has lampro core and has vascular and lymphatic capillaries
68
What are stomach microvilli?
Surface structure known as brush border | Atop villi structure
69
Where is the final enzyme for pancreatic breakdown found?
The glycocalyx
70
From where is gastric enzyme secreted?
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
71
What are enterocytes?
Internal cells of the SI
72
Which brush border enzymes are located on the villi, are intrinsic to the glycocalyx, and are involved on final cleavage?
Aminopeptidase Carboxypeptidase Dipeptidase
73
Disaccharides:
: maltose, sucrose, lactose
74
The enzymes that break proteins down to their active form:
:enterokinases
75
pH of the SI
8
76
How do substances enter the SI?
Via channels at apical side | Nothing should come in between the cells
77
What is the pancreatic bicarbonate output like with low pH?
Pretty high
78
Pancreatic juice vs Plasma: bicarbonate
More in pj
79
Pancreatic juice vs Plasma: Cl ion
More in plasma
80
What form do small peptides need to be in to get to the interstitial fluid from the interstitial epithelial cell basolateral membrane?
Small peptide -> peptidase -> amino acids
81
Why do people undergoing chemotherapy experience GI problems?
Chemotherapy kills all mitotically-active cells. Thus, GI epi is affected
82
How does one contract E. coli 103?
Poorly cooked hamburgers
83
What is HUS, and what triggers it?
Hemolytic uretic syndrome Triggered by E. coli 103 Causes body to attack RBC-> renal failure
84
What are paneth cells?
Secrete enzyme and are capable of phagocytosis
85
How often does mitotically renewal occur in GI cells?
24-36 hours
86
What is the function of the crypt?
Mitosis
87
What are the fates of GI stem cell?
Paneth cell | Progenitor cell
88
What side of the body is the appendix?
Right side
89
Absorbed nutrients from the thoracic duct goes to the :
: left subclavian vein
90
Risk factors for gall bladder disorder:
:FFF Hormone replacement therapy Obesity
91
What is gall bladder disorder?
Ineffectiveness of gall bladder constriction
92
What is Crohn's disease?
Genetic disorder | Incurable
93
What is ulcerative colitis?
Ulcer within epithelium, and epithelium bleeds | Just take out colon
94
How long is the LI?
5 feet long | 2 inch diameter
95
Transverse colon innervation
Vagus nerve (first 2/3)
96
Descending colon innervation
Splenic nerve
97
Internal sphincter
Smooth muscle | Involuntary
98
External sphincter
Striated muscle | Voluntary
99
LI mucosa
No villi or plica Lots of glands fill it Simple columnar cells
100
What is a GI stricture?
A bend or fold around scar tissue, nothing can pass in this area
101
How does absorption occur in the LI?
Via osmosis
102
What can you expect when you don't have a colon?
Dehydration because there is no water absorption
103
What happens during diarrhea?
Chyme passes too quickly thru intestine | Water not absorbed
104
What happens during constipation?
Decreased intestinal motility | Too much water reabsorbed
105
Remedies for constipation:
: Fiber Exercise Water
106
Total dehydration from diarrhea?
Cholera

Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II (16 decks)

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