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Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II > Digestive System: Stomach- Fitz > Flashcards

Digestive System: Stomach- Fitz Flashcards

0
Q

What does the soft palette and uvula close during swallowing?

A

The nasopharynx

Voluntary

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1
Q

What closes the glottis during swallowing?

A

Inhibition of respiration

Voluntary

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2
Q

Why do pills get stuck?

A

They lodge laterally to the esophagus in the pisiform recesses

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3
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the larynx?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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4
Q

The mechanism by which swallowing occurs in the esophagus

A

Peristaltic wave

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5
Q

The calcium binding protein that regulates free calcium in smooth muscle

A

Calmodulin

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6
Q

Smooth muscle contraction process

A

More Ca2+ activates myosin kinase and phosphorylates the myosin > myosin-P binds to actin causing a contraction > Ca2+ decreases and the kinase is inactivated

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7
Q

How does free Ca2+ travel from each cell?

A

Via gap junctions

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8
Q

What nuclei are involved with the NTS?

A

Nonvagal nuclei
Nucleus abiguus
Dorsal motor nucleus

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9
Q

When does the upper sphincter relax?

A

When the larynx is lifted

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10
Q

What types of fibers are behind the bolus?

A

Circular fibers

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11
Q

What type of fibers are in front of the bolus?

A

Longitudinal fibers

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12
Q

When does the lower esophageal sphincter relax?

A

As food approaches

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13
Q

What happens when there is a dysfunctional esophageal sphincter?

A

Regurgitation of stomach acid into the base of the esophagus

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14
Q

What is the site of esophageal cancer?

A

At the lower esophageal sphincter

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15
Q

What does the colon do?

A

Absorb water

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16
Q

What is the cephalic phase?

A

An emotional state, input from brain on the digestive system

Gets parietal cells working

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17
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

Make HCl and initiate other cells to secrete their substances, leading to the gastric phase

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18
Q

What stimulates histamine to in turn stimulate the parietal cells?

A

Gastric

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19
Q

What things directly stimulate the parietal cells?

A

Histamine and enteric neural activity

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20
Q

What inhibits parietal cells once a certain level of HCl is reached?

A

Somatostatin

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21
Q

Which side is the stomach on?

A

The left side

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22
Q

What are rugae?

A

Infoldings on the stomach that allow it to stretch

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23
Q

Why are the muscles of the stomach in different directions?

A

To roll the food around

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24
Q

What is the antrum?

A

The body of the stomach

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25
Q

What converts pepsinogen from chief cell to pepsin?

A

HCl

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26
Q

Where is intrinsic factor made?

A

In the wall of the stomach

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27
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

Absorption of vitamin B12 for RBC production

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28
Q

What does gastrin hormone do?

A

Release more gastric juice
Increase gastric motility
Relax pyloric sphincter
Constrict esophageal sphincter

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29
Q

What are G cells and what do they do?

A

They’re enteroendocrine cells that make gastrin

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30
Q

What are chief cells and what do they do?

A

They’re zymogenic, meaning they make precursor molecules. Namely, pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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31
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

Increase surface area for H+ and Cl pumps, makes HCl

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32
Q

What do mucus neck cells do?

A

Coat surface cells with mucus as a surface layer to protect

Trap bicarbonate at surface of epithelium

33
Q

Enzyme catalase for forming bicarbonate

A

Carbonic anhydrase

34
Q

Regulation of HCl occurs via:

A

: blocking histamine receptors

35
Q

Molecules that stimulate HCl production

A

Histamine: enteric nerve
Gastrin: enteric nerve
Ach: vagus nerve

36
Q

Molecule that inhibits HCl production

A

Somatostatin

37
Q

What are enteric-chromaffin like cells and where are they located?

A

They allow for the production of HCl via their Ach and gastrin receptors. They’re located in the submucosa below the parietal cells

38
Q

Where does the stomach get lots of its vascularizarion?

A

The abdominal aorta

39
Q

What is the cephalic phase?

A

Initial phase stimulating the vagus to increase parietal cells and gastrin production via Bombesin (gastrin-releasing peptide)
30%

40
Q

What is the gastric phase?

A

60% of digestive process
pH mediates gastrin
Vasovagal stretch occurs-> increase gastrin and acids

41
Q

What molecules increase gastric acid in the gastric phase?

A

Proteins
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine

42
Q

What happens to stomach volume and pH after you finish a meal?

A

Stomach volume shoots up

pH shoots up

43
Q

About how long does it take for the stomach to empty after a meal?

A

2-4 hours

44
Q

Where do gentle mixing waves of the bolus occur?

A

Fundus stomach where the food is turned to chyme

45
Q

Where do medium mixing waves occur?

A

From body of stomach to pyloric stomach

46
Q

Where do the intense mixing waves occur?

A

Near the pylorus

47
Q

How does HCl initiate protein digestion?

A

It denatures molecules

48
Q

What does gastric lipase do?

A

Splits triglycerides in milk fat

49
Q

What kills microbes in food?

A

HCl

50
Q

How thick is the mucus layer of the stomach?

A

1-3mm thick

51
Q

What causes ulcers?

A

Bacteria that breakdown the stomach’s mucoid coating

52
Q

What happens during the intestinal phase?

A

Stretch receptors activated in duodenum because of the presence of chyme
Alerting the pancreas (Pacinian corpuscles)
Chemoreceptors detect FAs and glucose in duodenum

53
Q

What is CCK?

A

Comes from endoendocrine cells of duodenum
Decreases gastric juices
Triggers gall bladder

54
Q

What is secretin?

A

Made in duodenum

Shuts down stomach digestion by decreasing peristaltic movement

55
Q

What occurs at the junction of the pyloric sphincter and the duodenum?

A

Release of duodenal enzymes

Pancreatic and common bile duct enter here to increase in pH for alkaline environment for duodenal enzymes

56
Q

What happens when a meal is high in fat?

A

Secretions by enterogastrones

stop the gastric exiting because too much fat or protein is detected in the duodenum

57
Q

What do GI hormones do?

A

Regulate water and electrolyte secretion
Enzyme secretion
Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle

58
Q

What opens the sphincter of Oddi?

A

CCK

59
Q

Where is gastrin produced?

A

Antrum of stomach

60
Q

What stimulates gastrin release?

A

AAs, peptides in stomach, parasympathetic nerves

61
Q

What inhibits gastrin release?

A

Acid in stomach

Somatostatin

62
Q

What does gastrin do in the stomach?

A

Stimulate acid secretion

Stimulate motility

63
Q

What does gastrin do in the pancreas, liver, gall bladder?

A

Nothing

64
Q

What does gastrin do in the small intestine?

A

Stimulate ileum motility

65
Q

What does gastrin do in the large intestine?

A

Stimulate mass movement

66
Q

What stimulates CCK release?

A

AAs in SI

FAs in SI

67
Q

What does CCK do in the stomach?

A

Inhibit acid secretion

Inhibit motility

68
Q

What does CCK do in the pancreas?

A

Aid secretin’s stimulation of bicarbonate secretion

Stimulates enzyme secretion

69
Q

What does CCK do in the liver?

A

Aid secretin’s stimulation of bicarbonate secretion

70
Q

What stimulates secretin release?

A

Acid in SI

71
Q

What does secretin do in the stomach?

A

Inhibit acid secretion

Inhibit motility

72
Q

What does secretin do in the pancreas?

A

Stimulate bicarbonate secretion

Aid CCK in stimulating enzyme secretion

73
Q

What does secretin do in the liver?

A

Stimulate bicarbonate secretion

74
Q

Where is GIP produced?

A

Small intestine

75
Q

What stimulates GIP release?

A

Glucose in SI

Fat in SI

76
Q

What does GIP do in the pancreas?

A

Stimulate glucose secretion

77
Q

Which fat surgery reduces the size of the stomach?

A

Lap band surgery

78
Q

What part of the SI is bypassed with gastric bypass surgery?

A

Duodenum

79
Q

What happens during gastric sleeve surgery?

A

Removal of stomach but retain more of the pyloric stomach for gastrin release

Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II (16 decks)

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