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Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II > Digestive System: Stomach- Fitz > Flashcards

Digestive System: Stomach- Fitz Flashcards

0
Q

What does the soft palette and uvula close during swallowing?

A

The nasopharynx

Voluntary

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1
Q

What closes the glottis during swallowing?

A

Inhibition of respiration

Voluntary

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2
Q

Why do pills get stuck?

A

They lodge laterally to the esophagus in the pisiform recesses

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3
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the larynx?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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4
Q

The mechanism by which swallowing occurs in the esophagus

A

Peristaltic wave

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5
Q

The calcium binding protein that regulates free calcium in smooth muscle

A

Calmodulin

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6
Q

Smooth muscle contraction process

A

More Ca2+ activates myosin kinase and phosphorylates the myosin > myosin-P binds to actin causing a contraction > Ca2+ decreases and the kinase is inactivated

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7
Q

How does free Ca2+ travel from each cell?

A

Via gap junctions

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8
Q

What nuclei are involved with the NTS?

A

Nonvagal nuclei
Nucleus abiguus
Dorsal motor nucleus

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9
Q

When does the upper sphincter relax?

A

When the larynx is lifted

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10
Q

What types of fibers are behind the bolus?

A

Circular fibers

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11
Q

What type of fibers are in front of the bolus?

A

Longitudinal fibers

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12
Q

When does the lower esophageal sphincter relax?

A

As food approaches

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13
Q

What happens when there is a dysfunctional esophageal sphincter?

A

Regurgitation of stomach acid into the base of the esophagus

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14
Q

What is the site of esophageal cancer?

A

At the lower esophageal sphincter

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15
Q

What does the colon do?

A

Absorb water

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16
Q

What is the cephalic phase?

A

An emotional state, input from brain on the digestive system

Gets parietal cells working

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17
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

Make HCl and initiate other cells to secrete their substances, leading to the gastric phase

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18
Q

What stimulates histamine to in turn stimulate the parietal cells?

A

Gastric

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19
Q

What things directly stimulate the parietal cells?

A

Histamine and enteric neural activity

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20
Q

What inhibits parietal cells once a certain level of HCl is reached?

A

Somatostatin

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21
Q

Which side is the stomach on?

A

The left side

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22
Q

What are rugae?

A

Infoldings on the stomach that allow it to stretch

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23
Q

Why are the muscles of the stomach in different directions?

A

To roll the food around

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24
What is the antrum?
The body of the stomach
25
What converts pepsinogen from chief cell to pepsin?
HCl
26
Where is intrinsic factor made?
In the wall of the stomach
27
What does intrinsic factor do?
Absorption of vitamin B12 for RBC production
28
What does gastrin hormone do?
Release more gastric juice Increase gastric motility Relax pyloric sphincter Constrict esophageal sphincter
29
What are G cells and what do they do?
They're enteroendocrine cells that make gastrin
30
What are chief cells and what do they do?
They're zymogenic, meaning they make precursor molecules. Namely, pepsinogen and gastric lipase
31
What do parietal cells do?
Increase surface area for H+ and Cl pumps, makes HCl
32
What do mucus neck cells do?
Coat surface cells with mucus as a surface layer to protect | Trap bicarbonate at surface of epithelium
33
Enzyme catalase for forming bicarbonate
Carbonic anhydrase
34
Regulation of HCl occurs via:
: blocking histamine receptors
35
Molecules that stimulate HCl production
Histamine: enteric nerve Gastrin: enteric nerve Ach: vagus nerve
36
Molecule that inhibits HCl production
Somatostatin
37
What are enteric-chromaffin like cells and where are they located?
They allow for the production of HCl via their Ach and gastrin receptors. They're located in the submucosa below the parietal cells
38
Where does the stomach get lots of its vascularizarion?
The abdominal aorta
39
What is the cephalic phase?
Initial phase stimulating the vagus to increase parietal cells and gastrin production via Bombesin (gastrin-releasing peptide) 30%
40
What is the gastric phase?
60% of digestive process pH mediates gastrin Vasovagal stretch occurs-> increase gastrin and acids
41
What molecules increase gastric acid in the gastric phase?
Proteins Tryptophan Phenylalanine
42
What happens to stomach volume and pH after you finish a meal?
Stomach volume shoots up | pH shoots up
43
About how long does it take for the stomach to empty after a meal?
2-4 hours
44
Where do gentle mixing waves of the bolus occur?
Fundus stomach where the food is turned to chyme
45
Where do medium mixing waves occur?
From body of stomach to pyloric stomach
46
Where do the intense mixing waves occur?
Near the pylorus
47
How does HCl initiate protein digestion?
It denatures molecules
48
What does gastric lipase do?
Splits triglycerides in milk fat
49
What kills microbes in food?
HCl
50
How thick is the mucus layer of the stomach?
1-3mm thick
51
What causes ulcers?
Bacteria that breakdown the stomach's mucoid coating
52
What happens during the intestinal phase?
Stretch receptors activated in duodenum because of the presence of chyme Alerting the pancreas (Pacinian corpuscles) Chemoreceptors detect FAs and glucose in duodenum
53
What is CCK?
Comes from endoendocrine cells of duodenum Decreases gastric juices Triggers gall bladder
54
What is secretin?
Made in duodenum | Shuts down stomach digestion by decreasing peristaltic movement
55
What occurs at the junction of the pyloric sphincter and the duodenum?
Release of duodenal enzymes | Pancreatic and common bile duct enter here to increase in pH for alkaline environment for duodenal enzymes
56
What happens when a meal is high in fat?
Secretions by enterogastrones | stop the gastric exiting because too much fat or protein is detected in the duodenum
57
What do GI hormones do?
Regulate water and electrolyte secretion Enzyme secretion Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
58
What opens the sphincter of Oddi?
CCK
59
Where is gastrin produced?
Antrum of stomach
60
What stimulates gastrin release?
AAs, peptides in stomach, parasympathetic nerves
61
What inhibits gastrin release?
Acid in stomach | Somatostatin
62
What does gastrin do in the stomach?
Stimulate acid secretion | Stimulate motility
63
What does gastrin do in the pancreas, liver, gall bladder?
Nothing
64
What does gastrin do in the small intestine?
Stimulate ileum motility
65
What does gastrin do in the large intestine?
Stimulate mass movement
66
What stimulates CCK release?
AAs in SI | FAs in SI
67
What does CCK do in the stomach?
Inhibit acid secretion | Inhibit motility
68
What does CCK do in the pancreas?
Aid secretin's stimulation of bicarbonate secretion | Stimulates enzyme secretion
69
What does CCK do in the liver?
Aid secretin's stimulation of bicarbonate secretion
70
What stimulates secretin release?
Acid in SI
71
What does secretin do in the stomach?
Inhibit acid secretion | Inhibit motility
72
What does secretin do in the pancreas?
Stimulate bicarbonate secretion | Aid CCK in stimulating enzyme secretion
73
What does secretin do in the liver?
Stimulate bicarbonate secretion
74
Where is GIP produced?
Small intestine
75
What stimulates GIP release?
Glucose in SI | Fat in SI
76
What does GIP do in the pancreas?
Stimulate glucose secretion
77
Which fat surgery reduces the size of the stomach?
Lap band surgery
78
What part of the SI is bypassed with gastric bypass surgery?
Duodenum
79
What happens during gastric sleeve surgery?
Removal of stomach but retain more of the pyloric stomach for gastrin release

Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II (16 decks)

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