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Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II > Ascending And Descending Pathways > Flashcards

Ascending And Descending Pathways Flashcards

0
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Temperature response
Cold and hot exist
Some in eye cause vasodilation/constriction
Threshold for pain found here

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1
Q

What is a mechanoreceptor?

A

Receives mechanical stimulus

Responds to stretch [Golgi tendon, muscle spindle fibers]

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2
Q

What are osmoreceptors?

A

Responders that regulate fluid intake and release

Monitor osmotic level of blood

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3
Q

Where are osmoreceptors found?

A

Within the brain and kidney

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4
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Respond to changes in pH (7.42)

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5
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found?

A

Within tissue and hypothalamus

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6
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Responders for pain

Lets us know something is potentially destroying tissue

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7
Q

Where are afferent receptor cell bodies located?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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8
Q

What is the largest organ and greatest receptor?

A

The skin

Has mostly mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

What allows skin to be able to desensitize?

A

It has fast and slow adapting receptors

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10
Q

Describe the monosynaptic reflex arc pathway.

A

Sensory receptor -> afferent neuron -> interneuron (to motor neuron, excitatory or inhibitory) -> efferent neuron

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11
Q

What type of epithelium is skin?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What’s the name for hairless skin?

A

Glabrous skin

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13
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A

Protection
Prevention of evaporation
Direct contact with world

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14
Q

What type of somatosensory receptor is most common in skin?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

Which mechanoreceptor is rapid-adapting, encapsulated, and responsible for light touch?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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16
Q

Which mechanoreceptor is responsible for light touch and tickling and is slow-adapting?

A

Merkel’s discs

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17
Q

Which mechanoreceptor is responsible for deep pressure, is encapsulated, and is slow-adapting?

A

Ruffini endings

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18
Q

Which mechanoreceptor is onion-like, responsible for detecting vibration and deepest pressure, and is fast-adapting?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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19
Q

Which mechanoreceptor is also found in the pancreas?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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20
Q

What size are Pacinian corpuscles?

A

1-4mm

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21
Q

The order of 2-point discrimination:

A

:index finger -> thumb -> lip -> big toe -> forearm -> sole -> back -> calf

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22
Q

How does a rapid-adapting response graph look?

A

Initial response peak when you first stimulate, then another peak when you stop

23
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are fast-adapting?

A

Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner’s corpuscles

24
Which mechanoreceptors are slow-adapting?
Merkel's discs and Ruffini endings
25
How does a slow-adapting response graph look?
Fires the most at initial response and continues firing during the duration, firing rate decreases until stimulus is removed
26
Which mechanoreceptors are mostly in the hand?
Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles
27
What is lateral inhibition?
Stimulating nerves lateral to nerve that was initially stimulated
28
Aa afferent axon characteristics:
Most myelination, fastest 13-20um 80-120 m/s Proprioceptors of skeletal muscle
29
AB afferent axon characteristics:
6-12 um 35-75 m/s Mechanoreceptors of skin (touch)
30
A£ afferent axon characteristics:
1-5 um 5-30 m/s Pain and temperature receptors
31
C afferent axon characteristics:
No myelination, slowest 0.2-1.5 um 0.5-2 m/s Temperature, pain, and itch receptor
32
How does the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway travel up the spinal cord?
Ipsilateral
33
How does the anterolateral pathway travel up the spinal cord?
Contralateral
34
Why are the lateral dorsal columns of the spinal cord larger?
It has to carry sacral and lumbar information
35
What are dermatomes?
Spinal nerve distribution areas | Disease follows these
36
Shingles characteristics
Follows dermatomes Is unilateral About an inch wide Most dangerous one is along ophthalmic division of CN5
37
Characteristics of fast pain:
Stimulation from mechanical and thermal receptors A£ fibers carry signal Prickling sensation Easily localized
38
Characteristics of slow pain:
Stimulation of polymodal nociceptors C fibers carry signal Poorly localized
39
The dorsal horn contains:
: Cell bodies of interneurons, where afferent neurons terminate
40
The lateral horn contains:
: cell bodies of autonomic efferent nerve fibers
41
The ventral horn contains:
: cell bodies of somatic efferent neurons
42
How does acupuncture work?
It stimulates endogenous morphine to inhibit pain | Opiate neurons inhibit pain neurons from going to the thalamus
43
What is the main descending pathway?
Corticospinal pathway
44
Corticospinal pathway
Large fiber bundles -> decussation at brainstem -> terminate on LMN in ventral horn of SC
45
Rubrospinal secondary pathway
Red nucleus -> Ipsilateral in SC -> ventral horn
46
Which pathway can be regenerated with physical therapy after injury?
Rubrospinal pathway
47
Which feedback loop causes ALS?
Spinal cord -> muscle contraction and movement -> sensory receptors -> spinal cord
48
What happens from the frontal cortex to the premotor cortex?
Analysis and getting ready
49
What happens at the local level of voluntary movements?
The movement | Specific muscles that move
50
What percent of force muscle degeneration between 30-80 years of age?
30-40%
51
How does Polio affect the body?
It destroys motor neurons
52
How does ALS affect the body?
Affects motor neurons | Excitotoxic: over excitation of glutamate to motor neurons, extra Ca2+ in excels
53
What type of disorder is muscular dystrophy?
X-linked
54
What are costamers?
A structural binding protein that links mayo fibrils to sarcolemma
55
What protein is responsible for the effects of muscular dystrophy?
Dystrophin
56
Why does muscular dystrophy occur?
Dystrophin protein built incorrectly -> as myofibril does it's job it rips the sarcolemma and muscle atrophies

Opt 122: Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology II (16 decks)

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