Respiratory System II

Question 1

Air conducting ducts (1 mm in diameter or less) which supply (pulmonary lobules)

Answer 1

Bronchioles

Question 2

Terminal bronchioles branch to form several respiratory bronchioles which open into …..

Answer 2

Alveolar ducts

Question 3

These passages are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with Ciliated and Clara cells and circumferential smooth muscle

Answer 3

Terminal Bronchiole

Question 4

Cuboidal cells with domed or club shaped apical surface
– Well developed basal rER
– sER , golgi apparatus and secretory granules.

Answer 4

Clara cells/ Club cells

Question 5

Clara cells/ Club cells secrete Surface active agent (lipoprotein which prevents adhesion) and Clara Cell Protein (CC16) that……

Answer 5

– Marker for the diagnosis of chronic lung diseases like COPD and Asthma
– CC16 leaks across blood gas barrier in lung injury and is found elevated in serum and decreased in broncho-alveolar lavage.

Question 6

Bronchial Asthma is…..

Answer 6

Widespread constriction of smooth muscles in the bronchioles, causing decrease in the diameter

Question 7

Bronchial Asthma Symptoms:

Answer 7

• Extreme difficulty in expiration of air
• Accumulation of mucus in the passage ways
• Infiltration of inflammatory cells.

Question 8

Bronchial Asthma Treatment:

Answer 8

• Albuterol, which can relax the smooth muscles and dilate the passage-ways
• Corticosteroids, which is anti inflammatory

Question 9

Transition airways involved in both conduction and respiration.
• These are the first sites where gaseous exchange takes place

Answer 9

Respiratory Bronchiole

Question 10

………. have simple cuboidal epithelium with ciliated and Clara cells and discontinuous walls interrupted by alveoli

Answer 10

Respiratory Bronchiole

Question 11

……… have Bundles of smooth muscle cells found between alveolar outpocketing (interalveolar septum)

Answer 11

Alveolar ducts

Question 12

…………. are thin walled polyhedral terminal sacs where gaseous exchange takes place.

Answer 12

Alveoli

Question 13

Alveoli are separated from each other by an …..

Answer 13

Interalveolar septum

Question 14

Alveolar Cell types that line the alveoli walls

Answer 14

– Type I pneumocytes ( majority)

– Type II pneumocytes (septal cells)

Question 15

……….. move freely between the interalveolar septum and surface and phagocytize inhaled particles on the alveolar surface

Answer 15

Alveolar Macrophages

Question 16

…….. are squamous cells that line 95% of the alveolar wall.

Answer 16

Type I pneumocytes

Question 17

The most effective blood-air barrier is at the points where……..

Answer 17

Type I pneumocytes fuse with the endothelial cells of the interalveolar septum.

Question 18

Dome shaped secretory cells which secrete surfactant and congregate at the septal junctions

Answer 18

Type II Pneumocytes

Question 19

Type II Pneumocytes contain stacks of parallel membrane lamellae which contain phospholipids , neutral lipids and proteins
called……

Answer 19

Lamellar Bodies

Question 20

The content of the lamellar bodies is secreted by exocytosis to form …… on the alveolar lining

Answer 20

Surfactant

Question 21

Contains the phospholipid Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) which is critical for reducing the surface tension in the alveolus and preventing collapse

Answer 21

Surfactant

Question 22

Surfactant Proteins: Function of SP-A

Answer 22

SP-A: Regulates synthesis and secretion of surfactant and modulates immune response . SP-A and SP-D regulates the allergic response to airborne antigens.

Question 23

Surfactant Proteins: Function of SP-B and C

Answer 23

– SP-B and SP-C :Surfactant organizing protein regulates spreading of surfactant on the alveolar surface.

Question 24

Surfactant Proteins: Function of SP-D

Answer 24

– SP-D:Binds to microorganisms and lymphocytes therefore SP-D is involved in the local inflammatory response to acute lung injury.

Question 25

Premature babies with underdeveloped lungs and............ have alveoli which tends to collapse with each successive exhalation

Answer 25

Inadequate surfactant secretion Leads to RDS: Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the newborn

Question 26

Disease: Infant respiratory distress syndrome causing high surface tension in lungs, difficulty in alveolar expansion and labored breathing

Answer 26

Hyaline membrane disease

Question 27

........ can help induce the synthesis of surfactant if given to the mother before an possible preterm delivery

Answer 27

Glucocorticoids

Question 28

In patients with Hyaline Membrane Disease, the walls of the collapsed alveoli are ......, and the lymphatics are filled with ...........

Answer 28

Thick | Proteinaceous material

Question 29

Thin layer of connective tissue found between adjacent alveoli that contain . – collagen fibers – elastic fibers – capillary network(continuous capillaries

Answer 29

Intreralveolar Septum

Question 30

The elastic fibers of the interalveolar septum contributes to the ............needed for expiration.

Answer 30

Pulmonary recoil Site of the air-blood barrier

Question 31

Blood-gas Barrier has two portions

Answer 31

Thin and Thick Portion

Question 32

Most effective portion of the blood-air barrier that contains: 1. Surfactant 2. Type I pneumocyte(P1) 3. Fused basal lamina of P1 and capillary endothelium. 4. Endothelial cells

Answer 32

Thin Portion

Question 33

This portion of the Blood-gas barrier contains: 1. Surfactant 2. Type I pneumocyte(P1) 3. Basal lamina of P1 4. Connective tissue elements (cells, elastic and collagen fibers) 5. Basal lamina capillary endothelium. 6. Endothelial cells

Answer 33

Thick Portion

Question 34

Pores of Kohn interruptions in the interalveolar septa which allow .............between alveoli.

Answer 34

Circulation of Air This permits collateral flow in instances of obstruction of a lobular bronchiole but may also facilitate spread of infection from one lobule to another

Question 35

The blood supply of lung parenchyma is supplied by

Answer 35

Pulmonary arteries and veins Bronchial arteries from the aorta supplies bronchial tree

Question 36

The lymphatics of lung parenchyma are drained following the

Answer 36

Bronchopulmonary tree to hilum

Question 37

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) used to describe two related lung diseases:

Answer 37

Chronic Bronchitis | Emphysema

Question 38

Emphysema:

Answer 38

The walls of alveoli are damaged by inflammation and lose natural elasticity. The alveoli may overstretch and rupture.

Question 39

Bronchitis:

Answer 39

Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation and thickening of the walls of your bronchial tubes, which narrows them. It often induces coughing spells

Question 40

- Mucinous secretions or casts filling airways. -Increase in size of mucous glands - Bronchial or bronchiolar mucous plugging, inflammation and fibrosis. - Squamous metaplasia or dysplasia of bronchial epithelium

Answer 40

Symptoms of Bronchitis

Question 41

Persistent smoking elevates the neutrophils as well as elastase levels beyond levels that can be counteracted by .......

Answer 41

Alpha 1 anti-trypsin (AAT) produced by the liver

Question 42

Excess amounts of elastase causes destruction to the elastic fibers which leads to permanent ...........

Answer 42

Dilation of alveoli