Cardiovasular System II

Question 1

Vessels that collect blood from the capillary network Possess an endothelial lining ,basal lamina and pericytes

Answer 1

Post capillary venules

Principal site of action of vasoactive agents -histamine

Question 2

Functions of High Endothelial Vessels (indicated by high cuboidal cells):

Answer 2

• Facilitating the entry of immune cells (arrow) from the lumen into the connective tissue
• Migration occurs during inflammation & also as a normal phenomenon in locations such as lymph nodes.

Question 3

Significance of HEV?

Answer 3

These vessels are ports of entry for lymphocytes into lymphatic organ ,recruit lymphocytes

Question 4

The lymphatic system is not found in which locations?

Answer 4

Nervous tissue, Bone marrow and Cartilages

Question 5

Impaired function of the lymphatic system leads to …….

Answer 5

Edema

Question 6

Hypertension causes what kind of damage to smaller blood vessels?

Answer 6

Scarring, hardening, narrowing of blood vessels and eventually become less elastic.

Question 7

Three characteristic changes in muscular artery due to hypertension are:

Answer 7

1. symmetrical hypertrophy of the muscular media M,
2. extensive reduplication of the internal elastic lamina E and
3. fibrotic thickening of the intima In.

All these changes lead to reduction in diameter of the lumen

Question 8

The hardening of arteries

Answer 8

Arteriosclerosis

Question 9

Characterized by lesions of the T. Intima called atheroma or fibro fatty plaques that protrude into and obstructs the vascular lumen

Answer 9

Atherosclerosis

Question 10

Symptoms of Heart Disease:

Answer 10

Chest Pains
Back Pain
Shortness of Breath
Pain radiating to Jaw

Question 11

Risk Factors for Heart Disease:

Answer 11

Lack of exercise Unhealthy diet Stress Type ‘A’ personality
Smoking
Hypercholesterolemia

Question 12

What happens when there is excessive LDL in the blood?

Answer 12

1. Endothelial cells produce free radicals which oxidize this LDL.
2. Oxidized product now initiates migration of smooth muscle cells and monocytes into the tunica intima, which now become macrophages.
3. SMC and macrophages engulf oxidized LDL to form – foam cells
4. SMC proliferate and secrete collagen and other ECM – thickens T. intima forming fatty streaks
5. Cytokines from the SMC converts these fatty streaks into fibrofatty plaques - which bulges into the lumen and also compresses the T. media.

Question 13

What is the result of excessive LDL in the blood?

Answer 13

Luminal Obstruction & weakened vascular walls (aneurysm)

Question 14

What is the gold standard of heart disease tests?

Answer 14

Coronary angiography via cardiac catheterization

Question 15

Disease: Can
➢decrease blood flow the region ->ischemia
➢can rupture or perforate
➢prone for clot formation (thrombus), travel as emboli.

Answer 15

Atherosclerosis

Question 16

Treatments for Atherosclerosis

Answer 16

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
Balloon Angioplasty
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Question 17

Marfan’s Disease is caused by a defect in which gene?

Answer 17

Fibrillin 1 Gene

Question 18

Cardiac Manifestations of Marfan’s Disease

Answer 18

Abnormal production and fragmentation of elastic fibers of T.media
-weakened wall – aortic aneurysm and dissection – death.

Question 19

Disease: Caused by Atherosclerosis. Increases likelihood of stroke and heart disease

Answer 19

Peripheral Artery Disease

Question 20

Symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease

Answer 20

Symptoms:  
Pain  / numbness  
Decreased wound healing  
Tissue death-gangrene  
Leading cause of amputations

Question 21

Disease: Caused by increased intraluminal pressure and to a lesser extent, loss of support by the vessel wall.

Answer 21

Varicose Veins

Superficial veins of the leg- most frequent
• Other sites: anorectal (hemorrhoids), spermatic cord (varicocele) , esophageal varices

Question 22

Disease: Obstruction to Lymphatics. 
Caused by: Trauma 
Post surgical 
Post radiation 
Inflammation 
Parasitic obstruction
Obstruction due to metastasis

Answer 22

Lymphedema