Heart I

Question 1

The Right Pump of the heart pumps ……. blood to the …….. via the ……..

Answer 1

Deoxygenated 
Pulmonary Circuit (Lungs)
Pulmonary Artery (Trunk)

Question 2

The Left Pump of the heart pumps…… blood to the…….. via the …….

Answer 2

Oxygen rich
Systemic Circuit (Body)
Aorta and its branches

Question 3

Great vessels of the heart are …

Answer 3

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
Aorta

Question 4

A fibrous sac that covers the heart and the roots of the great vessels

Answer 4

Pericardium

Question 5

Layers of the Pericardium:

Answer 5

1. Fibrous Pericardium
2. Serous Pericaridum
   - Parietal layer
   - Visceral Layer (Epicardium)

Question 6

Region of pericardial space between pulmonary trunk / aorta and superior vena cava
– this space would be entered to place a clamp around the proximal aorta and pulmonary trunk

Answer 6

Transverse pericardial sinus

Question 7

Region of pericardial space between posterior surface of heart (left atrium mainly) and pericardium overlying anterior aspect of the esophagus
– an ultrasound probe in the esophagus would “look” through the pericardium and oblique sinus into the left atrium

Answer 7

Oblique pericardial sinus

Question 8

Blood supply of the Pericardium

Answer 8

• Pericardiophrenic arteries- from internal thoracic artery

* Pericardiophrenic veins- tributary to brachiocephalic

Question 9

Name the anterior and posterior grooves between the right and left ventricle.

Answer 9

Anterior and Posterior Interventricular sulcus (groove)

Question 10

Where does the right heart receive blood from?

Answer 10

Receives blood from SVC, IVC & the coronary sinus

Question 11

A muscular ridge (………….) separates the smooth walled posterior atrium from the area roughened by the ………….

Answer 11

Crista Terminalis. Pectinate muscles.

Question 12

Where does the left heart receive blood from?

Answer 12

Receives arterialized blood from FOUR pulmonary veins; 2 left & 2 right

Question 13

Name the Atrioventricular Valves and their respective sides of the heart.

Answer 13

Right Side: Tricuspid

Left Side: Mitral/ Bicuspid

Question 14

Function of the Papillary Muscles

Answer 14

Actively held closed by papillary muscles contracting along with the rest of ventricular muscle and pulling on tendinous cords (chordae tendinae)

Question 15

Name the two semilunar valves and their functions.

Answer 15

Aortic and Pulmonary

Passively Open and Close to allow blood to enter ventricles once atria are filled

Question 16

………fill after ventricular contraction closing valves and simultaneously filling coronary arteries

Answer 16

Aortic sinuses (of Valsalva)

Question 17

Where do you auscultate the following values? Aortic, Pulmonary. Mitral Tricusipd

Answer 17

Aortic- Right sternal border at 2nd intercostal space

Pulmonary- Left costal border at 2nd intercostal space

Mitral- 5th left intercostal space in midclavicular line

Tricuspid- Left sternal border at 5th intercostal space

Question 18

………. Artery runs in the atrioventricular sulcus (coronary sulcus) and gives off …… branch

Answer 18

Right Coronary Artery. Atrioventricular (AV) nodal branch

Question 19

……. Artery supplies most of the right ventricle

Answer 19

Right Marginal Artery

Question 20

…….. Artery supplies posterior 1/3 of IV septum

Answer 20

Posterior Interventricular Artery

Question 21

…….. Artery gives off the ……… branches that supplies 2/3 of anterior interventricular septum

Answer 21

Anterior Interventricular Artery (LAD)

Septal Branches

Question 22

Coronary artery disease leads to ……

Answer 22

hypoxia and possibly ischemia and infarction of the myocardial tissue supplied by the obstructed artery

Question 23

The most frequently occluded arteries of the heart are:

Answer 23

Left Coronary and Anterior Interventricular Arteries

- Can lead to sudden death if immediate intervention does not occur.

Question 24

Which artery most commonly gives rise to the Posterior Interventricular Groove (PIV)?

Answer 24

Right Coronary Artery. Although the left could give rise to the PIV also

Question 25

Why is the great saphenous vein most often used for a vein graft?

Answer 25

•easily acessible, similar diameter and minimal branching or valves)

Question 26

What is the artery most commonly used in an arterial graft?

Answer 26

Radial Artery or Internal Thoracic

Question 27

The Great, Middle and Small Cardiac Veins all drain to:

Answer 27

Coronary Sinus

Question 28

What is the route of the following veins? Great Cardiac Vein Middle Cardiac Vein Small Cardiac Vein

Answer 28

Great Cardiac Vein- Follows anterior interventricular artery Middle Cardiac Vein- Follows posterior interventricular artery Small Cardiac Vein- Follows right marginal artery

Question 29

What is the route of the following veins? Anterior Cardiac Veins Smallest Cardiac Veins

Answer 29

Anterior Cardiac Veins- Located on anterior aspect of right ventricle Smallest Cardiac Veins- Begin within the wall of the heart

Question 30

Decreased heart rate, conduction velocity and force of contraction are indicative of which autonomic system?

Answer 30

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 31

Increased heart rate, conduction velocity, and force of contraction are indicative of which autonomic system?

Answer 31

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 32

Preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are located.....

Answer 32

Preganglionic: T1-T4 Postganglionic: Cervical and Thoracic Paravertebral Ganglia

Question 33

Preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies are located.....

Answer 33

Preganglionic: from the vagus nerves (upper and lower cervical branches and recurrent branches Postganglionic: in the atrial wall and interatrial septum near the SA and AV nodes

Question 34

....... develops from the sinus venosus. The ......... develops from the sinus venosus

Answer 34

SA node | AV node and bundle

Question 35

Responsible for referred pain to the upper limb during myocardial infarction.

Answer 35

Intercostobrachial nerve -T2 intercostal nerve that also contributes innervation to medial arm and axilla

Question 36

Visceral afferents for pain

Answer 36

travel with heart sympathetics through cardiac plexus to cardiopulmonary nerves and then through sympathetic chains and white rami communicans to spinal cord segments T1-T4(5)