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A+P > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration is…

A

the production of energy using glucose and O2 in the mitochondria

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2
Q

equation for cellular respiration and what it releases

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 + 6(O2) -> 6(CO2) + 6(H2O)

releases ATP

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3
Q

ATP and energy creation

A

ATP used as energy in cells via ATP-> ADP + P which releases energy

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4
Q

Parts of respiratory system (4)

A
  1. Ventilation : movement of air in/out of lungs via thorax and associated muscles
  2. Gas Exchange between air in lungs + blood : diffusion of gas to/from alveoli + BS (O2->BS, CO2-> alveoli)
  3. Gas Transport : circulate body via BS
  4. Gas Exchange between BS + tissues (O2->muscle cells, CO2->BS)
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5
Q

associated roles of respirartory system (except gas exchange) 5

A
  1. Regulate blood pH via regulation of CO2 levels
  2. Production of chemical mediators (ACE regulating BP)
  3. Voice Production: air movement over vocal folds
  4. Olfaction (sense of smell)
  5. Protection against some microorganism
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6
Q

2 structural divides

A
  1. Conducting zone : external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
  2. Respiratory zone : trachea, brochi, lungs, BS
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7
Q

anotmony of external nose

A

hyaline cartilage, extension of frontal + maxillary bones, nasal bones

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8
Q

anatomy of nasal cavity (6)

A
  1. Vestibule: anterior cavity of stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Nasal spetum : divides L+R cavity made of cartilage, vomer + ethmoid bone
  3. Conchae: x5 bony ridges of internal cavity which ‘churn’ air
  4. Meatus: below conchae - passageway which air passes
  5. Paranasal sinus + nasocrimal ducts (found within meatus)
  6. Hard Palate : nasal cavity floor seperating nasal + oral cavity made of maxillary + palatine bone
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9
Q

Roles of nasal cavity (5)

A
  1. Air passageway (even when oral cavity closed)
  2. Cleans air via vestibule hairs + mucus
  3. Humidifies air - preventing damage to respiratory tract if air temp high
  4. Olfactory epithelium - allowing smell
  5. Helps some voice sounds: resonating chamber along paranasal sinuses
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10
Q

3 areas of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx -> oropharynx -> laryngopharynx

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11
Q

functions of nasopharynx (3)

A
  1. trap debris via mucous membrane
  2. maintain air pressure via eustachian tube connecting to middle ear
  3. prevent infection via pharyngeal adenoids
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12
Q

what is the nasopharynx made of

A

incomplete muscle and connective tissue

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13
Q

what is the join between the oral cavity and pharynx called

A

fauces

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14
Q

anatomy in oropharynx (2)

A
  1. moist stratified squamous epithelium & stratified columar epithelium(protect against abrasion)
  2. Palatine + Lingual tonsils
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15
Q

area which laryngopharynx covers

A

from tip of epiglottis to oesphagus and posterior larynx

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16
Q

tissue in laryngopharynx?

A

moist stratified columar epithelium

17
Q

cartilages of the larynx (x3 paired, x3 unpaired)

A

Paired:

  1. Aryntenoid
  2. Corniculates
  3. Cuneiform

Unpaired:

  1. Epiglottis,
  2. Cricoid
  3. Thyroid
18
Q

what types of tissue are cartilages of the laynx made of

A

all are hyaline except epiglottis which is elastin (connective tissue)

19
Q

what are the 2 paired ligaments of the larynx

A
  1. vestibular (false vocal folds)

2. vocal (true vocal folds)

20
Q

what is the name of the superior bone which muscles and membranes of the larynx connect to?

A

hyoid bone

21
Q

what type of tissue is found on the surface of the larynx

A

vocal folds: stratified squamous epithelium

rest of larynx: pseudosquamous epithelium

22
Q

Roles of larnyx (4)

A
  1. Open passage way for air movement
  2. Protects lower respiratory system during swallow (lowering of epiglottis, adduction of vocal folds, elevation of larynx)
  3. Sound production: air passes over vocal folds during vibration
  4. Trap debris from air in mucus
23
Q

types of muscle + cartilage in trachea

A
  1. Trachealis muscle: smooth muscle w. elastic ligaments

2. x15-50 c-shaped hyaline cartilagee (dense regular connective tissue)

24
Q

type of tissue lining trachea

A

pseudosquamous epithelium which contains goblet cells (produce muscus and move mucus with debris away from lungs via cilla)

25
Q

what is the junction between trachea and 2 brochi called

A

carnia

26
Q

approx how many branchings is there on the brochi

A

16

27
Q

what happens to the amount of cartilage and smooth muscle and number of branches increases?

A

they decrease in %

28
Q

anatomy of alveoli

A

thin connective tissue surrounding alveolus w. elastin fibres allowing for expansion + recoil with breathing

squamous epithelium allows for gas exchange

29
Q

diaphragm muscle type + where is it attached to?

A

skeletal muscle, attached posteriorly to verebral colum

30
Q

resting vs contracted position of diaphram

A

resting = domed, contracted = flat

31
Q

muscle movement during inspiration

A

contraction of…..

  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals
  • other thoraic muscles

relaxation of….
-internal intercostals

32
Q

what happens to the thorax during inspiration

A

it moves up + out and increasing it’s volume

33
Q

muscle movement during expiration

A

relaxation of…….

  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals
  • abdominal
  • transverse throaric

contraction of…….
- internal intercostals

34
Q

role of elastin tissue in the lungs

A

cause air to move in and out

35
Q

how does inspiration occur

A

increased vol of thoaric cavity-> decrease in air pressure -> air moves along pressure gradient (high->low) -> air moves into lungs

36
Q

how does expiration occur

A

decreased volume of thoaric cavity-> increase in air pressure, elastin of alveoli recoils-> air moves along pressure gradient (high->low) -> air exits the lungs

A+P (32 decks)

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