Respiratory system Flashcards
cellular respiration is…
the production of energy using glucose and O2 in the mitochondria
equation for cellular respiration and what it releases
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 + 6(O2) -> 6(CO2) + 6(H2O)
releases ATP
ATP and energy creation
ATP used as energy in cells via ATP-> ADP + P which releases energy
Parts of respiratory system (4)
- Ventilation : movement of air in/out of lungs via thorax and associated muscles
- Gas Exchange between air in lungs + blood : diffusion of gas to/from alveoli + BS (O2->BS, CO2-> alveoli)
- Gas Transport : circulate body via BS
- Gas Exchange between BS + tissues (O2->muscle cells, CO2->BS)
associated roles of respirartory system (except gas exchange) 5
- Regulate blood pH via regulation of CO2 levels
- Production of chemical mediators (ACE regulating BP)
- Voice Production: air movement over vocal folds
- Olfaction (sense of smell)
- Protection against some microorganism
2 structural divides
- Conducting zone : external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
- Respiratory zone : trachea, brochi, lungs, BS
anotmony of external nose
hyaline cartilage, extension of frontal + maxillary bones, nasal bones
anatomy of nasal cavity (6)
- Vestibule: anterior cavity of stratified squamous epithelium
- Nasal spetum : divides L+R cavity made of cartilage, vomer + ethmoid bone
- Conchae: x5 bony ridges of internal cavity which ‘churn’ air
- Meatus: below conchae - passageway which air passes
- Paranasal sinus + nasocrimal ducts (found within meatus)
- Hard Palate : nasal cavity floor seperating nasal + oral cavity made of maxillary + palatine bone
Roles of nasal cavity (5)
- Air passageway (even when oral cavity closed)
- Cleans air via vestibule hairs + mucus
- Humidifies air - preventing damage to respiratory tract if air temp high
- Olfactory epithelium - allowing smell
- Helps some voice sounds: resonating chamber along paranasal sinuses
3 areas of the pharynx
nasopharynx -> oropharynx -> laryngopharynx
functions of nasopharynx (3)
- trap debris via mucous membrane
- maintain air pressure via eustachian tube connecting to middle ear
- prevent infection via pharyngeal adenoids
what is the nasopharynx made of
incomplete muscle and connective tissue
what is the join between the oral cavity and pharynx called
fauces
anatomy in oropharynx (2)
- moist stratified squamous epithelium & stratified columar epithelium(protect against abrasion)
- Palatine + Lingual tonsils
area which laryngopharynx covers
from tip of epiglottis to oesphagus and posterior larynx
tissue in laryngopharynx?
moist stratified columar epithelium
cartilages of the larynx (x3 paired, x3 unpaired)
Paired:
- Aryntenoid
- Corniculates
- Cuneiform
Unpaired:
- Epiglottis,
- Cricoid
- Thyroid
what types of tissue are cartilages of the laynx made of
all are hyaline except epiglottis which is elastin (connective tissue)
what are the 2 paired ligaments of the larynx
- vestibular (false vocal folds)
2. vocal (true vocal folds)
what is the name of the superior bone which muscles and membranes of the larynx connect to?
hyoid bone
what type of tissue is found on the surface of the larynx
vocal folds: stratified squamous epithelium
rest of larynx: pseudosquamous epithelium
Roles of larnyx (4)
- Open passage way for air movement
- Protects lower respiratory system during swallow (lowering of epiglottis, adduction of vocal folds, elevation of larynx)
- Sound production: air passes over vocal folds during vibration
- Trap debris from air in mucus
types of muscle + cartilage in trachea
- Trachealis muscle: smooth muscle w. elastic ligaments
2. x15-50 c-shaped hyaline cartilagee (dense regular connective tissue)
type of tissue lining trachea
pseudosquamous epithelium which contains goblet cells (produce muscus and move mucus with debris away from lungs via cilla)
what is the junction between trachea and 2 brochi called
carnia
approx how many branchings is there on the brochi
16
what happens to the amount of cartilage and smooth muscle and number of branches increases?
they decrease in %
anatomy of alveoli
thin connective tissue surrounding alveolus w. elastin fibres allowing for expansion + recoil with breathing
squamous epithelium allows for gas exchange
diaphragm muscle type + where is it attached to?
skeletal muscle, attached posteriorly to verebral colum
resting vs contracted position of diaphram
resting = domed, contracted = flat
muscle movement during inspiration
contraction of…..
- diaphragm
- external intercostals
- other thoraic muscles
relaxation of….
-internal intercostals
what happens to the thorax during inspiration
it moves up + out and increasing it’s volume
muscle movement during expiration
relaxation of…….
- diaphragm
- external intercostals
- abdominal
- transverse throaric
contraction of…….
- internal intercostals
role of elastin tissue in the lungs
cause air to move in and out
how does inspiration occur
increased vol of thoaric cavity-> decrease in air pressure -> air moves along pressure gradient (high->low) -> air moves into lungs
how does expiration occur
decreased volume of thoaric cavity-> increase in air pressure, elastin of alveoli recoils-> air moves along pressure gradient (high->low) -> air exits the lungs
