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A+P > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

components of cardiovasuclar system (3)

A
  1. blood
  2. heart
  3. Blood vessels
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2
Q

what is blood?

A

a connective tissue made of a plasma liquid matrix containg cells (RBC & WBC) and platelets fibres

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3
Q

Functions of blood (7)

A

MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS!!! via….

  1. Transport of gases, nurients, + waste products to necessary locations
  2. Transport processed molecules (e.g. Vit D: skin->liver->kidneys->s.intestine->skeletal muscle)
  3. Transport regulatory monitors (hormones & enzymes)
  4. Regulate pH + osmosis
  5. Maintain body temp (warm blood to surface if too warm so heat can be released)
  6. protection against forgein substances + organisms (WBC and immune system)
  7. Clot formation
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4
Q

compoents of blood (2)

A
  1. Plasma (fluid, dissolved proteins, metabolites)

2. Formed elements (RBC, WBC, platlets)

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5
Q

Plasma

A

Collid (liquid containing suspended substances that do not settle out of the solution).

composition: 91% water, 9% proteins, gases, ions, nurients, waste products, hormones & enzymes
function: to transport materials around the body

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6
Q

RBC characteristics

A

bi-concave discs (providing large SA for dissusion of gases and flexible to fit through BVs), circulate in blood via plasma, ~7-8micro m in diameter

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7
Q

structure of RBCs

A

no nuclei, few organelles

haemoglobin (pigamented quaternary protein made of 4xhaem groups which have a Fe++ at centre allowing O2 to bind to it during transportation),

lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase (enzyme)

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8
Q

function of RBCs (4)

A
  1. Carry O2 around the body (O2 binds to iron in haemoglobin- 1O2:1haem group- forming oxyhaemoglobin)
  2. Carry some CO2 around the blood as a wastre product (binds to AA in globin forming carbaminohaemoglobin)
  3. Carry nitric acid
  4. help identification of blood type as they are studded with glycoproteins + glyocolipids
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9
Q

Life Cycle of a RBC (6 stages)

A
  1. Erythropoietin produced in kidneys
  2. transportation of erythropoetin via BS to bone marrow
  3. In bone marrow Erythropeisis (production of RBCs , taking approx. 4 days)
  4. RBCs circulate body for approx. 120 days
  5. in Liver + Spleen memrbane becomes weak due to inability of RBC to produce new proteins causing RBC to repture
  6. Macrophages release lyosomal enzymes which break down RBCs and release haemoglobin
    - –> AA from globin are resued / recycled to make proteins
    - –>Haem group: iron is released and carried to bone marrow to produce new RBCs, non-iron converted to Bilirubin for removal of bile in liver
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10
Q

which hormone regulates RBC production?

A

erythropoetin (increase erythropoetin secretion = increased RBCs produced), secretion stimulated by low O2 levels in blood

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11
Q

what is the other name of RBCs?

A

Erythrocytes

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12
Q

What is the other name for WBCs and % of blood?

A

Leukocytes

1% of blood vol.

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13
Q

Function of WBCs (2)

A
  1. protect body from invading organisms (e.g. bacteria + viruses)
  2. remove dead cells and debris from the body
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14
Q

Types of WBC (2)

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

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15
Q

Granulocytes (feactures, location of production, immune reponse, types (3))

A
  • lob-sided multiple muclei
  • cytoplasm contains large granules
    Produced: bone marrow
    NON-SPECIFIC immune reponse
    types: esoinphil, basophil, neutrophil
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16
Q

Agranuloctyes (feactures, location of production, immune reponse, types (2))

A

-1 large nucleus
- cytoplasm w. small granules
Produced: lymphnodes
ACQUIRED immune response (specific & targeted)
types: lymphcyte, moncyte

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17
Q

Platelets (characteristics-3)

A
  • minute fragments of cells
  • contains glycoproteins + proteins on surface allowing connections to other molecules
  • short life expecdency (5-9days) so must be continually replaced
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18
Q

Function of Platelets

A
  1. First defence for damaged blood vessels -> form ‘platelet plugs’ to seal hole in BVs, promote the formation & contraction of clots in large wounds
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19
Q

What do RBCs contain which allow identification of blood grouping?

A

Antigens -> glycoproteins + glycolipids

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20
Q

What is the purpose of blood grouping & how does it work?

A

to protect the body and allow the recognition of ‘non-self cells’. If antibodies in plasma don’t match antigens on RBCs then it will cause an immune reponse to ‘destroy’ forgein cells

21
Q

Types of antigen grouping (2)

A
  1. A, B, O grouping

2. Rhesus system of grouping

22
Q

A B O grouping

A 
A= A antigen + B antibody
B= B antigen + A antibody
AB= A+B antigens + no antibodies
O= no antigens + A+B antibodies
23
Q

What happens in A+B antigens-antibodies match?

A

if the antibody in plasma matches the antigen on RBC

(e.g. A+A or B+B) it will agglutinate (antigen and antibody bind) causing an immune response and rejection of RBCs

24
Q

Compatibility of ABO transfusions

A 
antibodies->antigens
A->A or O-> A 
B->B or O->B
A->AB or B->AB or O->AB or AB->AB
O->O
25
Q

Rhesus system of blood grouping in terms of genes

A

genetic coding of whether a specific glycoprotein is present on RBC. if gene present then Rh+, if gene absent then Rh-. Rh+ is the dominant gene

26
Q

mismatch of Rh grouping between mum + baby

A

in first pregancy no issues due to slow pace of mums immune reponse. In second pregancy, Rh- baby will be rejected in mum is Rh+ because blood interaction over placenta will identify baby as a threat to mother

27
Q

what is haemostasis

A

the process of blood clotting when appropiate, w/o it when BV is broken there would be continual bleeding + death

28
Q

What do damage blood vessels expose?

A

Collagen

29
Q

what does exposure to collagen stimulate damaged BCs to do? (3)

A
  1. Vascular Spasm: contraction of BV to restrict blood flow reducing blood lose and activate nervous sytem response
  2. Platelet plug formation: accumulation of platelets to act as a temporary seal on BV preventing bleeding
  3. Coagulation: blood clotting via fibrin following chemical release and prevents bleeding
30
Q

what is fibrinolysis?

A

the dissolving of blood clots and repair of connective tissue and creation of epithelium cells to fill torn area

31
Q

2 types of blood clotting pathways + blood clot formation

A
  1. Intristic (chemicals w/in blood - factor IX)
  2. Extrinstic (chemicals outside blood- Thrombolplastin factor VII complex formed)

both then cause activation of factor X and stimulate the formation of prothrobinase which converts prothrobine to throbin which is converted into fibrin and clotting factors to form blood clot

32
Q

Functions of the heart (4)

A
  1. Generate BP
  2. Route blood around body
  3. Ensuring 1-way blood flow
  4. Regulate blood supply
33
Q

Layers of heart wall muscle (3)

A
  1. Epicardum: serous membrane in outer heart surface
  2. Myocardium: thick middle layer made of cardiac mucle allowing contraction
  3. Endocardium: inner layer, simple squamous epithelium tissue over connective tissue
34
Q

Feactures of Cardiac muscle cells (4)

A
  1. Elongated
  2. Branching
  3. 1-2 central nuclei
  4. actin + myosin form myofibrils- allowing muscle contraction
35
Q

Feactures of L heart (3)

A
  1. Left atrium
  2. Left atrioventricular canal and biscupid valve
  3. Left ventricle
36
Q

Fectures of R heart (4)

A
  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right atrioventricular and and tricuspid valve
  3. Right ventricle
  4. Pulmonary semi-lunar valve
37
Q

Veins feeding heart

A
  1. L + R pulmony veins (splitting at pulmonary truve)

2. Vena Cava

38
Q

Arteries branching from heart

A
  1. Aorta w. aortic semilunar valve

2. L+R Pulmonary artieries

39
Q

Pulmonary circulation + side of heart

A

carries blood heart->lungs so gas exchange can occur

in R-side of heart

40
Q

Systemic Circulation + side of heart

A

carries blood heart->body delivering nurients + O2

in L-side of heart

41
Q

what is the vascular system

A

a network of arteries and veins carring blood around body

42
Q

How does contraction occur in the heart?

A

depolarisation and repolarisation of cardiac mucles result in involunatry cell contraction

43
Q

CSA of blood vessels=

A

no. of type of BV x CSA of BV type

44
Q

relationship between resistence in BVs and BP

A

inveresly directly proportional- the higher the resistence in a BV = lower BP

45
Q

movement of blood through BVs (away and towards heart)

A

aorta-> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> veiniloses -> veins -> vena cava

46
Q

average Heart rate

A

HR= approx. 70 bpm (beats per min)

47
Q

what is cardiac volume and average

A

amount of blood pumped per minute

approx. 5000ml per min

48
Q

what is stroke volume and avaerage

A

amount of blood ejected by heart per contraction

approx. 70ml

49
Q

Types of artieries in the head + neck (3)

A
  1. Carotid (internal + external) serving head + neck
  2. Vertebral serving branches of subcalvial arteries
  3. Basilar serving junction of vertebral arteries

A+P (32 decks)

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