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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

Cranial portion of foregut (together with dig. System)

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2
Q

What is the foregut?

A

Runs from pharynx/esophagus to duodenum

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3
Q

Buccopharyngeal membrane

A

Rostral portion, dev. Of mouth

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4
Q

How does the lateral walls of foregut develop?

A

Branchial cleft
Pharyngeal bursa
Visceral arches

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5
Q

Branchial cleft

A

From external surface/ectoderm

Gives rise to external ear

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6
Q

Pharyngeal bursa

A 
Endoderm/internal layer
4 pairs
1- auditory tube, middle ear, guttural pouches
2- palatine tonsil
3- parathyroid gland and thymus
4- parathyroid gland
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7
Q

Visceral arches

A

Mesoderm/middle layer

Muscle, bone, cartilage= larynx, trachea, hyoid

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8
Q

Floor of primitive foregut

A 
Phase 3
Tongue (endoderm+mesoderm)
Thyroid glands (endoderm)
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9
Q

Invagination of respiratory tube

A

Phase 4
Tracheoesophageal septum formation (separates trachea+esophagus to ventral-dorsal)
Tracheal pulmonary buds (immature form of lungs)
Formation of bronchus and lower resp. tract

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10
Q

Congenital disorders

A

Pharyngeal reg: tyroglossal cysts
Laryngotracheal reg: tracheal hypoplasia, tracheoesophageal fistula
Lung reg: pulmonary hypoplasia, lobar hypotrophy of foal
Cysts

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11
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Gaseous exchange

Olfactory/smell

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12
Q

Nostrils

A

External nasal openings

Bony/cartilaginous

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13
Q

Nasal cartilages

A

Cartilage of nasal septum
Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage=roof
Ventral lateral cartilage= floor
Alar cartilage= in equine, allows nostrils to expand

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14
Q

Philthrum

A

Groove from upper lip to nose tip

“Subnasal groove”

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15
Q

Rostral bone

A

In pigs only

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16
Q

Nasal conchae/turbines

A

Thin sheets of cartilage or bone surrounded by nasal mucosa
Dorsal
Ventral
Ethmoidal- most caudal, ethmoidal bone separates brain from nasal cavity

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17
Q

Nasal meatuses

A 
"Compartments"
Ventral-olfactory
Medial- sinusal
Ventral- respiratory
All communicates by common nasal meatus
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18
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal

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19
Q

Sinus

A

Air filled cavities
Decreases head weight
Protection
Heating air

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20
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Btw hard palate and nasal septum, communicating oral+nasal cavity (not equine)
Detects pheromones
Accessory olfactory system

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21
Q

Larynx

A 
Cartilagenous tube
Btw pharynx and trachea
Phonation organ
Protects respiratory system
Ventral to esophagus
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22
Q

Epiglottis

A

Most cranial

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23
Q

Thyroid

A

Biggest one
Ventral/lateral
Makes the floor and lateral walls of larynx
Articulates with hyoid

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24
Q

Cricoid

A

Caudal
Ring-shaped
Joins trachea caudally, thyroid cranially, arythenoids dorsally

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25
Q

Arythenoids

A

Small
Joins dorsally to epiglottis and thyroid
Interarythenoid cartilage
Vocal chords attach to muscular process and vocal process

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26
Q

Cuneiform process

A

On epiglottis

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27
Q

Corniculate process

A

On arythenoids

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28
Q

Ligaments of larynx

A

Cricothyroid- ventrally btw cricoid and thyroid

Cricoarythenoid- dorsally btw cricoid and arythenoid

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29
Q

Folds of larynx

A

Vestibular folds in carnivore+eq, cranial

Vocal folds- vocal chords caudally

30
Q

Muscles of larynx

A

Cricothyroid- btw cricoid and thyroid, latitudinal
Dorsal cricoarythenoid- btw cricoid and arythenoids, dorsally longitudinal
Transverse arythenoid- btw arythenoids dorsally
Ventricular muscle- cranial
Vocal muscle- dorsal to ventricular M

31
Q

Dilating muscles of larynx

A

Dorsal cricoarythenoid

32
Q

Closing muscles of larynx

A

Lateral cricoarythenoid

Transverse arythenoid

33
Q

Narrowing muscles of larynx

A

Ventricular

Cricothyroid

34
Q

Extrinsic muscles of larynx

A

Fixes larynx

Moves it cranial or caudal

35
Q

Intrinsic muscles of larynx

A

Most internal
Very short
Expand or contract

36
Q

Vestibule

A

First cranial part of laryngeal cavity

37
Q

Glottis

A

Intermediate part, narrower

38
Q

Infraglottic cavity

A

Most caudal part

39
Q

Laryngeal cavity

A

Prevents foreign bodies into resp. System
Phonation
Allows breathing

40
Q

Trachea

A

Cartilagenous tube
From larynx to lungs (cricoid to base of heart level)
Cervical al thoracic portion

41
Q

Carina

A

Bifurcation of trachea
Divides into left and right main bronchus
Pigs and ruminant have extra right tracheal bronchus

42
Q

Trachea innervation

A

Vagosympathetic trunk
Jugular vein
Common carotid artery

43
Q

Composition of trachea

A 
Cartilagenous incomplete rings
Annular ligaments between
Tracheal muscle joins ring dorsally
Equine- large egg shaped
Dog- tracheal muscle above, egg shaped
Pig- very round 
Ox- egg shaped (standing) with pointy cartilage ends
44
Q

Pleura

A

Thin serous membrane covering lungs

45
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Covers thoracic cavity, except lungs

46
Q

Pulmonary ligaments

A

Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastenic

47
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers directly lungs

48
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Btw pulmonary/visceral pleura and parietal pleura

49
Q

Pulmonary ligament

A

Caudally/ventrally to diaphragm fixing lungs to diaphragm

50
Q

Recesses

A

Space/cavity
Costodiaphragmatic- dorsal btw costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura
Costomediastenic- ventrally

51
Q

Dorsal surface of lungs

A

Convex

Borders will “fall down”

52
Q

Diaphragmatic surface of lungs

A

Caudal

53
Q

Mediastenal surface of lungs

A

Medial surface

Pulmonary hilus/hilum

54
Q

Costal surface of lungs

A

Dorsal

In contact with lungs

55
Q

Fixation of lungs

A

Cranially by trachea

Dorsally by pulmonary ligament

56
Q

Bronchial tre

A 
Main/principal bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioli (less than 1mm, no cartilage rings)
Respiratory bronchioles
57
Q

Right side lung lobulation

A

Cranial lung lobe
Middle lung lobe
Caudal lung lobe
Accessory lung lobe

58
Q

Left side lung lobulation

A

Cranial lung lobe

Caudal lung lobe

59
Q

General about lung lobulation

A

Cranial lung lobe can be divided into cranial/caudal portion
All species have accessory lobe
Ruminants most lobulated (2 portions of cranial, both sides)
Equines have least lobulated (no middle lobe)

60
Q

Functional circulatory system

A

Pulmonary arteries+veins

R ventricle to pulmonary artery

61
Q

Nutritive circulatory system

A

Thoracic aorta (bronchial arteries), bronchial veins (azygous veins)

62
Q

Lymphatic circulatory system

A

Mediastenic (above aorta),

tracheobronchial (carina level)

63
Q

Nervous system

A 
Vagus N (10)
Sympathetic trunk
64
Q

Thymus

A

Lymphatic organ next to heart

65
Q

Diaphragm

A

Main inspiratory muscle
Separates thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
Lumbar area to ziphoid process of sternum, oblique
Derived from mesoderm

66
Q

Diaphragmatic hernia

A

Defect allowing abdominal organs into thoracic cavity

67
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Esophageal hiatus fails to close

68
Q

Central tendinous portion

A

Caudal vena cava hiatus- most ventral, canal foramen

69
Q

Muscular ring of diaphragm

A

3 surfaces

Costal, sternal, lumbar

70
Q

Causes of diaphragm

A

Left+right

Attaches to lumbar surface

71
Q

Right crus

A

Esophageal hiatus
Bigger/larger
Vagal trunks

72
Q

Left crus

A

Aortic hiatus
Aorta+azygous vein
Thoracic duct

Anatomy (17 decks)

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