Axial Skeleton Flashcards
What are the 5 main joints in axial?
Vertebral joints Atlanto-occipital joint Atlanta-axial joint Thoracic joints Joints of vertebral column
What are the vertebraes of equine?
Cervical 7 Thoracic 18 Lumbar 5-6 Sacral 5 Caudal 18-20
What are the vertebraes in bovine?
Cervical 7 Thoracic 13 Lumbar 6 Sacral 5 Caudal 18
What are the vertebraes in ovine?
Cervical 7 Thoracic 13 Lumbar 6-7 Sacral 4-5 Caudal 20
What are the vertebraes in caprine?
Cervical 7 Thoracic 13 Lumbar 6-7 Sacral 4-5 Caudal 12
What are the vertebraes in carnivore?
Cervical 7 Thoracic 13 Lumbar 7 Sacral 3 Caudal 15
What type of joints is it between vertebral bodies?
Symphysis (fibrocartilagenous)
What are the joints between articular processes of vertebral arch?
Synovial (fibrous joint capsule, surrounding articulating bones, fluid filled)
Describe the vertebral body joints
Symphysis
Vertebral head and fossa articulates
The joining structures are intervertebral discs, ventral long. Ligament, dorsal long. Ligament
What are the parts of intervertebral discs?
Annulus fibrosus (thinner dorsally) Nucleus pulposus
Describe the vertebral archs and articular processes
Articular surfaces
Short ligaments- yellow, intertransverse and interspinous
Long ligaments- supraspinus, nuchal
What is the nuchal ligament?
Runs from occipital bone to withers height of equine and ruminants. Laminar part
Runs from axis to withers height in carnivores
What are the parts of the Atlanto-occipital joint?
Articular surface
Articular capsule
Ligaments- dorsal Atlanto-occipital, ventral altlanto-occipital, lateral
Movements- up and down “yes”
What are the parts of the atlanto-axial joint?
Articular surfaces
Joint capsule
Ligaments- apical lig. Of the dens, alar lig., transverse Atlanta lig., longitudinal lig. Of the dens, tectorial lig.
Which are the thoracic joints?
Costovertebral joints
Costotransverse joint
Sternocostal joints
Costochondral joints
Describe the costovertebral joints
Synovial joint (fibrous joint capsule, filled with synovial fluid)
Connects the head of rib to body and f thoracic vertebrae
Interarticular (intercapital) ligament
Radiate ligament
Describe the costotransverse joint
Synovial joint (joint capsule, synovial fluid)
Ligament of the tubercle
Costotransverse ligament
Describe the sternocostal joint
Synchondrosis (cartilaginous, hyaline cartilage)
Sternocostal ligaments (dorsal+ventral)
Sternal ligament
Describe the costocondral joint
Synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint, hyaline cartilage)
Interspinal muscles
From spinous process-spinous process
Covered by supraspinous ligament
Innervated by the dorsal branches of thoracic/lumbar spinal n.
Fixation and extension of vertebrae
Major dorsal straight muscle of the head
From axis spinous process to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Head extension
Minor dorsal straight muscle of the head
From atlas to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Head extension
Caudal oblique muscle of head
Axis spinous process to atlas wings
Innervated by 2nd pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Fixation of atlanto-axial joint
Lateral movement of head
Cranial oblique muscle of head
From atlas wings to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Head extension, lateral movements
Spinal muscle of neck and thorax
Independent in pigs/horses
From spinous processes, jumping one or more vertebrae
Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Fixation of cervical/thoracic spine
Spinal and semispinal muscles of neck and thorax
In carnivores and ruminants
From spinous and transverse process of thoracic/lumbar vertebrae to spinous process of first thoracic and cervical vertebrae
Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Semispinal muscle of the head
Biventer and complexus
From cervical and thoracic spinous process to occipital bone
Innervated by dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Raises head/ extension, lateral movements
Rotator muscles
From thoracic transverse processes to thoracic spinous processes
Innervated by dorsal thoracic spinal nerves
Fixation and lateral movements
Multifidus
From transverse processes to next spinous process
Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Fixation, lateral movement of spine, raises/extends neck
Intertransverse muscles
From transverse processes to transverse processes
Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Iliocostal muscle
From thoracic and lumbar transverse processes and ilium to ribs and last cervical vertebrae
Innervated by dorsal thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Fixation of spine, lateral movements and extension of spine
Lomgissimus
Head+atlas, neck, thorax and lumbar
From iliac crest, between spinous processes, transverse processes and ribs to the head.
Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Fixation extends/raises head+neck and lateral movements
Splenius
From nuchal ligament, spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae to cervical transverse processes and occipital bone
Innervated by dorsal cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
Extension and lateral movements of head+neck
Ventral straight muscle of head
From atlas to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st cervical spinal nerves
Flexion of head
Lateral straight muscle of head
From atlas to paracondilar process
Innervated by 1st cervical spinal nerves
Flexion of head
Long muscle of the neck
From 5-6th vertebrae to 1st cervical vertebrae
Innervated by cervical spinal nerves
Flexion of neck
Long muscle of head
From transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to occipital bone
Innervated by cervical spinal nerve
Flexion and lateral movement of head
Scalene muscles
Middle, ventral (abs in dog) and dorsal (abs in equine)
From ribs to transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
Innervated by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
Fixation and lateral movements of neck, inspiration
Hyoid muscles
Sternohyiod- sternal manubrium to hyoid bone
Sternothyriod- sternal manubrium to thyroid cartilage
Sternothyrohyoid- in horses
Helps swallowing
Innervated by hypoglossal nerve
Thyrohyoid- from thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
Omohyiod- from subscapular fascia to hyoid bone
Geniohyoid- from mandible to hyoid bone
Helps swallowing
Innervated by hypoglossal nerve
Cranial dorsal serrate
From thoracolumbar fascia to 2-4th ribs
Innervated by intercostal nerves
Inspiration
Caudal dorsal serrate muscle
From thoracolumbar fascia to 9-12th ribs
Innervated by intercostal ribs
Expiration
External intercostal
From caudal border of ribs to cranial border of next rid
Innervated by intercostal nerves
Inspiration
Internal intercostal
From cranial border of ribs to caudal border of next rib
Innervated by intercostal nerves
Expiration
Lavatory muscle of ribs
From transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae to cranial border of next rib
Innervated by thoracic spinal nerves
Inspiration
Subcostal
Between proximal surfaces of ribs
Innervated by intercostal nerves
Supports internal intercostal muscles
Retractor of ribs
From thoracolumbar to last rib
Innervated by costoabdominal and iliohypogastric nerves
Retracts rib, expiration
Transverse thoracic muscle
From sternal ligament to costochondral joints
Innervated by intercostal nerves
Expiration
External abdominal oblique
From lateral surface of ribs to alba line and inguinal ligament
Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Expiration, holds intestines
Internal abdominal oblique
From coral tuberosity and lumbar transverse processes to alba line and last rib
Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Expiration, holds intestines
Transverse abdominal
From lumbar transverse processes and costal cartilage to alba line
Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Expiration, holds intestines
Quadrate lumbar
From lumbar transverse process to sacral wings
Innervated by lumbar spinal nerves
Trunk flexion
Straight abdominal
From sternum and costal cartilage to prepubic and pecten
Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Expiration and holds intestines
Dorsal muscles of the tail
Medial dorsal sacrococcygeal- from sacrum to caudal vertebrae
Lateral dorsal sacrococcygeal- lat. from sacrum to caudal v.
Intertransverse muscle of tail- joins transverse processes of caudal v.
Innervated by sacral and caudal spinal nerves
Raises tail and lateral movements
Ventral muscles of tail
Coccygeal- from hipbone to caudal vertebrae
Lateral ventral sacrococcygeal- from sacrum to caudal v.
Medial ventral sacrococcygeal- from sacrum to caudal v.
Innervated by sacral and caudal spinal nerves
Flexion of tail and lateral movements
What are the parts of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Bicarotid trunk
Right subclavian artery
What are the parts of the descending aorta (thoracic)?
Dorsal intercostal
Bronchoesophageal
Dorsal costoabdominal
What are the parts of descending aorta (abdominal)?
Lumbar arteries Celiac Cranial mesentric Renal Testicular/ovarian Caudal mesentric Deep circumflex External iliac Internal iliac Median sacral
Veins
Vena cava
Azygos
External jugular
Superficial cranial epigastric
What are the parts of the lymph node?
Capsule
Subcapsular sinus
Cortex
Medulla
