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Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main joints in axial?

A 
Vertebral joints
Atlanto-occipital joint
Atlanta-axial joint
Thoracic joints
Joints of vertebral column
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2
Q

What are the vertebraes of equine?

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 18
Lumbar 5-6
Sacral 5
Caudal 18-20
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3
Q

What are the vertebraes in bovine?

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 13
Lumbar 6
Sacral 5
Caudal 18
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4
Q

What are the vertebraes in ovine?

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 13
Lumbar 6-7
Sacral 4-5
Caudal 20
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5
Q

What are the vertebraes in caprine?

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 13
Lumbar 6-7
Sacral 4-5
Caudal 12
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6
Q

What are the vertebraes in carnivore?

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 13
Lumbar 7
Sacral 3
Caudal 15
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7
Q

What type of joints is it between vertebral bodies?

A

Symphysis (fibrocartilagenous)

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8
Q

What are the joints between articular processes of vertebral arch?

A

Synovial (fibrous joint capsule, surrounding articulating bones, fluid filled)

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9
Q

Describe the vertebral body joints

A

Symphysis
Vertebral head and fossa articulates
The joining structures are intervertebral discs, ventral long. Ligament, dorsal long. Ligament

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10
Q

What are the parts of intervertebral discs?

A 
Annulus fibrosus (thinner dorsally)
Nucleus pulposus
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11
Q

Describe the vertebral archs and articular processes

A

Articular surfaces
Short ligaments- yellow, intertransverse and interspinous
Long ligaments- supraspinus, nuchal

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12
Q

What is the nuchal ligament?

A

Runs from occipital bone to withers height of equine and ruminants. Laminar part
Runs from axis to withers height in carnivores

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13
Q

What are the parts of the Atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Articular surface
Articular capsule
Ligaments- dorsal Atlanto-occipital, ventral altlanto-occipital, lateral
Movements- up and down “yes”

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14
Q

What are the parts of the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Articular surfaces
Joint capsule
Ligaments- apical lig. Of the dens, alar lig., transverse Atlanta lig., longitudinal lig. Of the dens, tectorial lig.

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15
Q

Which are the thoracic joints?

A

Costovertebral joints
Costotransverse joint
Sternocostal joints
Costochondral joints

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16
Q

Describe the costovertebral joints

A

Synovial joint (fibrous joint capsule, filled with synovial fluid)
Connects the head of rib to body and f thoracic vertebrae
Interarticular (intercapital) ligament
Radiate ligament

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17
Q

Describe the costotransverse joint

A

Synovial joint (joint capsule, synovial fluid)
Ligament of the tubercle
Costotransverse ligament

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18
Q

Describe the sternocostal joint

A

Synchondrosis (cartilaginous, hyaline cartilage)
Sternocostal ligaments (dorsal+ventral)
Sternal ligament

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19
Q

Describe the costocondral joint

A

Synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint, hyaline cartilage)

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20
Q

Interspinal muscles

A

From spinous process-spinous process
Covered by supraspinous ligament
Innervated by the dorsal branches of thoracic/lumbar spinal n.
Fixation and extension of vertebrae

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21
Q

Major dorsal straight muscle of the head

A

From axis spinous process to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Head extension

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22
Q

Minor dorsal straight muscle of the head

A

From atlas to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Head extension

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23
Q

Caudal oblique muscle of head

A

Axis spinous process to atlas wings
Innervated by 2nd pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Fixation of atlanto-axial joint
Lateral movement of head

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24
Q

Cranial oblique muscle of head

A

From atlas wings to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Head extension, lateral movements

25
Spinal muscle of neck and thorax
Independent in pigs/horses From spinous processes, jumping one or more vertebrae Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves Fixation of cervical/thoracic spine
26
Spinal and semispinal muscles of neck and thorax
In carnivores and ruminants From spinous and transverse process of thoracic/lumbar vertebrae to spinous process of first thoracic and cervical vertebrae Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
27
Semispinal muscle of the head
Biventer and complexus From cervical and thoracic spinous process to occipital bone Innervated by dorsal cervical spinal nerves Raises head/ extension, lateral movements
28
Rotator muscles
From thoracic transverse processes to thoracic spinous processes Innervated by dorsal thoracic spinal nerves Fixation and lateral movements
29
Multifidus
From transverse processes to next spinous process Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves Fixation, lateral movement of spine, raises/extends neck
30
Intertransverse muscles
From transverse processes to transverse processes | Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
31
Iliocostal muscle
From thoracic and lumbar transverse processes and ilium to ribs and last cervical vertebrae Innervated by dorsal thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves Fixation of spine, lateral movements and extension of spine
32
Lomgissimus
Head+atlas, neck, thorax and lumbar From iliac crest, between spinous processes, transverse processes and ribs to the head. Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves Fixation extends/raises head+neck and lateral movements
33
Splenius
From nuchal ligament, spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae to cervical transverse processes and occipital bone Innervated by dorsal cervical and thoracic spinal nerves Extension and lateral movements of head+neck
34
Ventral straight muscle of head
From atlas to occipital bone Innervated by 1st cervical spinal nerves Flexion of head
35
Lateral straight muscle of head
From atlas to paracondilar process Innervated by 1st cervical spinal nerves Flexion of head
36
Long muscle of the neck
From 5-6th vertebrae to 1st cervical vertebrae Innervated by cervical spinal nerves Flexion of neck
37
Long muscle of head
From transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to occipital bone Innervated by cervical spinal nerve Flexion and lateral movement of head
38
Scalene muscles
Middle, ventral (abs in dog) and dorsal (abs in equine) From ribs to transverse processes of cervical vertebrae Innervated by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves Fixation and lateral movements of neck, inspiration
39
Hyoid muscles
Sternohyiod- sternal manubrium to hyoid bone Sternothyriod- sternal manubrium to thyroid cartilage Sternothyrohyoid- in horses Helps swallowing Innervated by hypoglossal nerve Thyrohyoid- from thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone Omohyiod- from subscapular fascia to hyoid bone Geniohyoid- from mandible to hyoid bone Helps swallowing Innervated by hypoglossal nerve
40
Cranial dorsal serrate
From thoracolumbar fascia to 2-4th ribs Innervated by intercostal nerves Inspiration
41
Caudal dorsal serrate muscle
From thoracolumbar fascia to 9-12th ribs Innervated by intercostal ribs Expiration
42
External intercostal
From caudal border of ribs to cranial border of next rid Innervated by intercostal nerves Inspiration
43
Internal intercostal
From cranial border of ribs to caudal border of next rib Innervated by intercostal nerves Expiration
44
Lavatory muscle of ribs
From transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae to cranial border of next rib Innervated by thoracic spinal nerves Inspiration
45
Subcostal
Between proximal surfaces of ribs Innervated by intercostal nerves Supports internal intercostal muscles
46
Retractor of ribs
From thoracolumbar to last rib Innervated by costoabdominal and iliohypogastric nerves Retracts rib, expiration
47
Transverse thoracic muscle
From sternal ligament to costochondral joints Innervated by intercostal nerves Expiration
48
External abdominal oblique
From lateral surface of ribs to alba line and inguinal ligament Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves Expiration, holds intestines
49
Internal abdominal oblique
From coral tuberosity and lumbar transverse processes to alba line and last rib Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves Expiration, holds intestines
50
Transverse abdominal
From lumbar transverse processes and costal cartilage to alba line Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves Expiration, holds intestines
51
Quadrate lumbar
From lumbar transverse process to sacral wings Innervated by lumbar spinal nerves Trunk flexion
52
Straight abdominal
From sternum and costal cartilage to prepubic and pecten Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves Expiration and holds intestines
53
Dorsal muscles of the tail
Medial dorsal sacrococcygeal- from sacrum to caudal vertebrae Lateral dorsal sacrococcygeal- lat. from sacrum to caudal v. Intertransverse muscle of tail- joins transverse processes of caudal v. Innervated by sacral and caudal spinal nerves Raises tail and lateral movements
54
Ventral muscles of tail
Coccygeal- from hipbone to caudal vertebrae Lateral ventral sacrococcygeal- from sacrum to caudal v. Medial ventral sacrococcygeal- from sacrum to caudal v. Innervated by sacral and caudal spinal nerves Flexion of tail and lateral movements
55
What are the parts of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk Bicarotid trunk Right subclavian artery
56
What are the parts of the descending aorta (thoracic)?
Dorsal intercostal Bronchoesophageal Dorsal costoabdominal
57
What are the parts of descending aorta (abdominal)?
``` Lumbar arteries Celiac Cranial mesentric Renal Testicular/ovarian Caudal mesentric Deep circumflex External iliac Internal iliac Median sacral ```
58
Veins
Vena cava Azygos External jugular Superficial cranial epigastric
59
What are the parts of the lymph node?
Capsule Subcapsular sinus Cortex Medulla

Anatomy (17 decks)

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