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Anatomy > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main joints in axial?

A 
Vertebral joints
Atlanto-occipital joint
Atlanta-axial joint
Thoracic joints
Joints of vertebral column
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2
Q

What are the vertebraes of equine?

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 18
Lumbar 5-6
Sacral 5
Caudal 18-20
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3
Q

What are the vertebraes in bovine?

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 13
Lumbar 6
Sacral 5
Caudal 18
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4
Q

What are the vertebraes in ovine?

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 13
Lumbar 6-7
Sacral 4-5
Caudal 20
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5
Q

What are the vertebraes in caprine?

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 13
Lumbar 6-7
Sacral 4-5
Caudal 12
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6
Q

What are the vertebraes in carnivore?

A 
Cervical 7
Thoracic 13
Lumbar 7
Sacral 3
Caudal 15
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7
Q

What type of joints is it between vertebral bodies?

A

Symphysis (fibrocartilagenous)

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8
Q

What are the joints between articular processes of vertebral arch?

A

Synovial (fibrous joint capsule, surrounding articulating bones, fluid filled)

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9
Q

Describe the vertebral body joints

A

Symphysis
Vertebral head and fossa articulates
The joining structures are intervertebral discs, ventral long. Ligament, dorsal long. Ligament

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10
Q

What are the parts of intervertebral discs?

A 
Annulus fibrosus (thinner dorsally)
Nucleus pulposus
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11
Q

Describe the vertebral archs and articular processes

A

Articular surfaces
Short ligaments- yellow, intertransverse and interspinous
Long ligaments- supraspinus, nuchal

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12
Q

What is the nuchal ligament?

A

Runs from occipital bone to withers height of equine and ruminants. Laminar part
Runs from axis to withers height in carnivores

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13
Q

What are the parts of the Atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Articular surface
Articular capsule
Ligaments- dorsal Atlanto-occipital, ventral altlanto-occipital, lateral
Movements- up and down “yes”

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14
Q

What are the parts of the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Articular surfaces
Joint capsule
Ligaments- apical lig. Of the dens, alar lig., transverse Atlanta lig., longitudinal lig. Of the dens, tectorial lig.

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15
Q

Which are the thoracic joints?

A

Costovertebral joints
Costotransverse joint
Sternocostal joints
Costochondral joints

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16
Q

Describe the costovertebral joints

A

Synovial joint (fibrous joint capsule, filled with synovial fluid)
Connects the head of rib to body and f thoracic vertebrae
Interarticular (intercapital) ligament
Radiate ligament

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17
Q

Describe the costotransverse joint

A

Synovial joint (joint capsule, synovial fluid)
Ligament of the tubercle
Costotransverse ligament

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18
Q

Describe the sternocostal joint

A

Synchondrosis (cartilaginous, hyaline cartilage)
Sternocostal ligaments (dorsal+ventral)
Sternal ligament

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19
Q

Describe the costocondral joint

A

Synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint, hyaline cartilage)

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20
Q

Interspinal muscles

A

From spinous process-spinous process
Covered by supraspinous ligament
Innervated by the dorsal branches of thoracic/lumbar spinal n.
Fixation and extension of vertebrae

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21
Q

Major dorsal straight muscle of the head

A

From axis spinous process to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Head extension

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22
Q

Minor dorsal straight muscle of the head

A

From atlas to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Head extension

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23
Q

Caudal oblique muscle of head

A

Axis spinous process to atlas wings
Innervated by 2nd pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Fixation of atlanto-axial joint
Lateral movement of head

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24
Q

Cranial oblique muscle of head

A

From atlas wings to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st pair of dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Head extension, lateral movements

25
Q

Spinal muscle of neck and thorax

A

Independent in pigs/horses
From spinous processes, jumping one or more vertebrae
Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Fixation of cervical/thoracic spine

26
Q

Spinal and semispinal muscles of neck and thorax

A

In carnivores and ruminants
From spinous and transverse process of thoracic/lumbar vertebrae to spinous process of first thoracic and cervical vertebrae
Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

27
Q

Semispinal muscle of the head

A

Biventer and complexus
From cervical and thoracic spinous process to occipital bone
Innervated by dorsal cervical spinal nerves
Raises head/ extension, lateral movements

28
Q

Rotator muscles

A

From thoracic transverse processes to thoracic spinous processes
Innervated by dorsal thoracic spinal nerves
Fixation and lateral movements

29
Q

Multifidus

A

From transverse processes to next spinous process
Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Fixation, lateral movement of spine, raises/extends neck

30
Q

Intertransverse muscles

A

From transverse processes to transverse processes

Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

31
Q

Iliocostal muscle

A

From thoracic and lumbar transverse processes and ilium to ribs and last cervical vertebrae
Innervated by dorsal thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Fixation of spine, lateral movements and extension of spine

32
Q

Lomgissimus

A

Head+atlas, neck, thorax and lumbar
From iliac crest, between spinous processes, transverse processes and ribs to the head.
Innervated by dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Fixation extends/raises head+neck and lateral movements

33
Q

Splenius

A

From nuchal ligament, spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae to cervical transverse processes and occipital bone
Innervated by dorsal cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
Extension and lateral movements of head+neck

34
Q

Ventral straight muscle of head

A

From atlas to occipital bone
Innervated by 1st cervical spinal nerves
Flexion of head

35
Q

Lateral straight muscle of head

A

From atlas to paracondilar process
Innervated by 1st cervical spinal nerves
Flexion of head

36
Q

Long muscle of the neck

A

From 5-6th vertebrae to 1st cervical vertebrae
Innervated by cervical spinal nerves
Flexion of neck

37
Q

Long muscle of head

A

From transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to occipital bone
Innervated by cervical spinal nerve
Flexion and lateral movement of head

38
Q

Scalene muscles

A

Middle, ventral (abs in dog) and dorsal (abs in equine)
From ribs to transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
Innervated by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
Fixation and lateral movements of neck, inspiration

39
Q

Hyoid muscles

A

Sternohyiod- sternal manubrium to hyoid bone
Sternothyriod- sternal manubrium to thyroid cartilage
Sternothyrohyoid- in horses
Helps swallowing
Innervated by hypoglossal nerve

Thyrohyoid- from thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
Omohyiod- from subscapular fascia to hyoid bone
Geniohyoid- from mandible to hyoid bone
Helps swallowing
Innervated by hypoglossal nerve

40
Q

Cranial dorsal serrate

A

From thoracolumbar fascia to 2-4th ribs
Innervated by intercostal nerves
Inspiration

41
Q

Caudal dorsal serrate muscle

A

From thoracolumbar fascia to 9-12th ribs
Innervated by intercostal ribs
Expiration

42
Q

External intercostal

A

From caudal border of ribs to cranial border of next rid
Innervated by intercostal nerves
Inspiration

43
Q

Internal intercostal

A

From cranial border of ribs to caudal border of next rib
Innervated by intercostal nerves
Expiration

44
Q

Lavatory muscle of ribs

A

From transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae to cranial border of next rib
Innervated by thoracic spinal nerves
Inspiration

45
Q

Subcostal

A

Between proximal surfaces of ribs
Innervated by intercostal nerves
Supports internal intercostal muscles

46
Q

Retractor of ribs

A

From thoracolumbar to last rib
Innervated by costoabdominal and iliohypogastric nerves
Retracts rib, expiration

47
Q

Transverse thoracic muscle

A

From sternal ligament to costochondral joints
Innervated by intercostal nerves
Expiration

48
Q

External abdominal oblique

A

From lateral surface of ribs to alba line and inguinal ligament
Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Expiration, holds intestines

49
Q

Internal abdominal oblique

A

From coral tuberosity and lumbar transverse processes to alba line and last rib
Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Expiration, holds intestines

50
Q

Transverse abdominal

A

From lumbar transverse processes and costal cartilage to alba line
Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Expiration, holds intestines

51
Q

Quadrate lumbar

A

From lumbar transverse process to sacral wings
Innervated by lumbar spinal nerves
Trunk flexion

52
Q

Straight abdominal

A

From sternum and costal cartilage to prepubic and pecten
Innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
Expiration and holds intestines

53
Q

Dorsal muscles of the tail

A

Medial dorsal sacrococcygeal- from sacrum to caudal vertebrae
Lateral dorsal sacrococcygeal- lat. from sacrum to caudal v.
Intertransverse muscle of tail- joins transverse processes of caudal v.
Innervated by sacral and caudal spinal nerves
Raises tail and lateral movements

54
Q

Ventral muscles of tail

A

Coccygeal- from hipbone to caudal vertebrae
Lateral ventral sacrococcygeal- from sacrum to caudal v.
Medial ventral sacrococcygeal- from sacrum to caudal v.
Innervated by sacral and caudal spinal nerves
Flexion of tail and lateral movements

55
Q

What are the parts of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Bicarotid trunk
Right subclavian artery

56
Q

What are the parts of the descending aorta (thoracic)?

A

Dorsal intercostal
Bronchoesophageal
Dorsal costoabdominal

57
Q

What are the parts of descending aorta (abdominal)?

A 
Lumbar arteries
Celiac 
Cranial mesentric
Renal
Testicular/ovarian
Caudal mesentric
Deep circumflex
External iliac
Internal iliac
Median sacral
58
Q

Veins

A

Vena cava
Azygos
External jugular
Superficial cranial epigastric

59
Q

What are the parts of the lymph node?

A

Capsule
Subcapsular sinus
Cortex
Medulla

Anatomy (17 decks)

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