Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Martina Peterson

Where is the cardiovascular system derived from?

Mesoderm (middle germ layer)

Splachnopleura, by lateral plates

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In what order is the heart created?

Blood islets in cephalic portion of embryo
Two endocardial tubes, migrates caudally
Tubes fuses forming primitive heart tube
Primitive heart tube forms into 5 chambers
Heart loop formation
Partitioning of the heart

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Describe the heart looping

Primary heart tube grows, the pericardial sac doesn’t, forcing the heart tube to loop
Normal distribution of the heart chambers occurs

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What are the five chambers created by the primitive heart tube?

Arterial trunk (aorta+pulmonary artery)
Heart bulbs (right ventricle)
Ventricle (left ventricle)
Atrium (front parts of L+R atria)
Venous sinus (posterior part of R atria, SAN and coronary sinus)

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Describe the partitioning of the heart

Endocardial cushions grows inwards forming a trio-ventricular canal, fuses to become intermediate septum dividing atria+ventricle
Formation of atrioventricular valves

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Mitral valve

Bicuspid

Between LEFT atria and ventricle

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Tricuspid valve

Between RIGHT atria and ventricle

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Primary foramen

Primary interatrial septum grows ventrally leaving the primary foramen

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Secondary foramen

Secondary interatrial septum grows dorsally leaving secondary foramen and closing primary foramen

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Foramen oval

Primary and secondary foramen runs parallel leaving foramen ovale
Remains open until after birth

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Interventricular septum/foramen

Wall between ventricles, with foramen allowing blood to pass between the ventricles

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Spiroid septum

Closes interventricular foramen, closes communication between ventricles

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Embryonic network

Primitive aorta and cardiac veins

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Vitelline network

Vitelline arteries and veins
Gives rise to arteries (digestive, celiac, mesentric)
After birth

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What are the 5 aortic arches in the embryonic network giving rise to?

1+2- maxillary artery
3- carotid system
4- left=aorta right= subclavian artery
5- pulmonary artery

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Umbilical network

Iliac arteries
Vesicular arteries (urinary bladder)
Forms round ligament of urinary bladder

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Cardinal/cardiac veins

Vena cava
Azygous vein
Renal vein
Ovarian/testicle veins

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Vitteline veins

Caudal vena cava

Liver sinusids

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Umbilical vein forms

Round ligament of the liver

Port vein

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Blood circulation of fetus

Oxygenated blood from mother via placenta in umbilical VEINS
through liver draining in to portal vein and mixes with deoxygenated blood
Vena cava to R atrium-60% to L atrium via foramen ovale-L ventricle through mitral valve- aorta- rest of organism
Umbellical ARTERIES collect deoxygenated blood and back to placenta/mother

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Ductus arteriosus

Via ductus arteriosus blood goes to aorta since lungs are collapsed in fetus=too high resistance
Closes after birth forming arterial ligament (shut off by increased pressure when lungs inflate)

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What modulation occur after birth?

Lungs inflate increases pressure causing the closing of ductus arteriosus, absorbs blood from pulmonary artery
Embryonic circulation stops
CO2 increases causing contraction of inspiratory muscles
Fusion of interatrial septum due to high speed of blood

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Patent ductus arteriosus

Still communication between pulmonary artery and aorta

Mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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Persistant 4th aortic arch

Pinches esophagus

Leading to megaesophagus

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Mediastinum

Space between lungs where heart is situated (medial) | Cranial, medial and caudal part

Tetralogy of fallot

Pulmonary stenosis Ventricular septal defect R ventricular hypertrophy Overriding aorta

Where do you perform ascultation of heart?

3-6th rib, 7th in dogs/cats | Cardiac notch

Base of heart

Atriums | Dorsal-cranial

Apex of heart

Ventricles (left) | Ventro-caudal

Cardiac notches

Area not covered by lungs | Where auscultation is made

Pericardium

Heart sac | Surrounds and protects heart

Fibrous pericardium

Most external layer Fixed ventrally to sternum by periosternal ligament Fixed causally to diafraghm by pericardiophrenic ligament

Serous pericardium

Most internal, 2 layers Parietal- completely fused to fibrous pericardium, external Visceral- internal, covers directly the heart, makes it look shiny

Coronary groove

Coronary vessels Separates atriums from ventricles Surrounding all except cranial surface (pulmonary artery) Lingitudinally

Interventricular groove

Divides ventricles into Left (sinosidal) and Right (paraconial)

Sinus of vena cava

Right atrium | Where vena canvas meet

Coronary sinus

Sac on backside of right atria | Where coronary veins drain deoxygenated blood

Intervenous tubercle

Right atria Between vena canvas Helps pushing blood to ventricle

Outlet of azygous vein

Right atria | Alternative path if vena cava is blocked

Tricuspid valve

Between R atria and R ventricle

SAN

Sino-atrial node Right atrium Pacemaker of the heart

Oval fossa

Right atria | Remnants of foramen ovale

Auricle/atrial appendage

Cavity/inner surface of atrium

Pulmonary veins

Left atrium | Leading oxygenated blood from lungs

Mitral valve

Bicuspid | Between L atrium and ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Semilunar/sigmoid valve Tricuspid Between left atria and pulmonary arteries

Septomarginal traneculae

From septum to lateral wall of R ventricle | Holds right branch of bundle of HIS

Aortic valve

Semilunar/sigmoid valve Tricuspid Between left atria and aorta

Endocardium

Innermost layer of heart | Looks shiny

Myocardium

Cardiac muscle

Epicardium

Visceral serous pericardium | Looks shiny

Sinus of vena cava

R atrium | Where cranial and caudal vena cava meet

Coronary sinus

R atrium | Sac on the "back side" where coronary veins drains deoxygenated blood into atria

Intervenous tubercle

R atria Btw vena cavas Helps pushing blood into ventricle

Outlet of azygous vein

R atria | Alternative path if vena cava is blocked

Tricuspid valve

Between R atria and R ventricle

Sinoatrial node/SAN

R atria | Pacemaker of the heart

Oval fossa

R atria | Remnants of foramen ovale

Auricle/atrial appendage

Cavity/inner surface of atrium

Pulmonary veins

L atria | Brings oxygenated blood from lungs

Mitral valve

L atria, separates atria and ventricle

Pulmonary arteries

Brings deoxygenated blood from R ventricle to lungs through pulmonary valve

Septomarginal trabeculae

From septum to lateral wall of ventricles Holds parts of bundle of HIS most visible in right ventricle

Aorta

Brings oxygenated blood from left ventricle out to the body

Endocardium

Internal layer of heart | Looks shiny

Myocardium

Cardiac muscle | Middle layer

Epicardium

Outermost layer Visceral serous pericardium Looks shiny

Fibrous rings

Surrounding the valves on base of heart

Fibrous Trigons

Hard area around the valves | At base of heart