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Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four development periods?

A

Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal
Postnatal

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2
Q

What is the origin of gametes?

A

Primordial germ cells

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3
Q

What are the five phases of spermatogenesis?

A 
Multiplication phase
Growth phase
Maturation phase
Transformation phase/ speriogenesis
Liberation phase/ spermiation
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4
Q

Describe the maturation phase in spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia (diploid) becomes primary spermatocyte (diploid) after undergoing meiosis 1 they become haploid cells called secundary spermatocytes. After mitosis 2 they become early spermatids

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5
Q

Describe the transformation phase

A 
Formation of acrosome (golgi)
Condensation of nuclear chromatin
Mid piece (mitochondria)
Residual body (cytoplasm)
Growth of the tail (centrioles)
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6
Q

Describe the spermiation/liberation phase

A

The spermatozoa are released into the lumen of seminifourous tubules and move to the epididymis

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7
Q

Describe the structure and f the mature spermatozoa

A

Head- nucleus and acrosome
Neck- distal and axial centrioles
Middle piece- axial filament, mitochondrial sheath and Jensens ring
Flagellum- main portion and end piece

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8
Q

What does semen consist of?

A

Spermatozoa and seminal plasma

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9
Q

Is there any correlation between semen volume and sperm count?

A

No, the more ejaculated volume the less sperms
Pig has largest volume, less sperms 200/250’
Rooster small volume, highest sperms 1/3,500’

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10
Q

What are the different type of defects that spermatozoa can have?

A

Compensable- the sperm is still funtionable
Uncompensable- the sperm will not be functioning
Can affect head or tail

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11
Q

What are the phases of oogenesis?

A

Multiplication phase
Growth phase
Maturation phase

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12
Q

Describe the multiplication phase in oogenesis

A

Happens before birth
The stem cell called oogomium
Primary oocyte (diploid) in primordial follicle

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13
Q

Describe the growth phase in oogenesis

A

The primary oocyte is arrested in prophase 1 at birth, primordial follicle
In puberty the follicle grows, primary follicle with zona pellucida
Tertiary follicle (graafian)

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14
Q

Describe the maturation phase

A

Meiosis 1 completed, first polar body

Secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase 2

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15
Q

What does the Graafian follicle contain?

A 
Theca interna and theca externa 
Basal membrane/laminae 
Granulosa cells
Follicular antrum 
Corona radiata 
Zona pellucida
Secondary oocyte
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16
Q

Describe the ovulation

A

The follicle ruptures, releases the ovum that contains corona radiata, zona pellucida and the nucleus
If fecundated corpus luteum persists
No fecundation = corpus albicans

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17
Q

Describe the different types of eggs

A

Alecithal
Oligoceithal
Telolecithal

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18
Q

What is a telolecithal egg

A

Found in birds, reptiles, fish

One large yolk at one pole of the egg

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19
Q

What are the different parts of avian eggs?

A 
The oocyte (oolemma, formative cytop+ nucleus, white and yellow yolk)
Vitelline membrane
Tertiary membranes (albumen, chalazae, inner and outer shell membranes, shell)
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20
Q

What are the six main facts of fecundation?

A 
Insemination
Approximation of gametes
Spermatozoa capacitation
Spermatozoa penetration
Fusion of cells
Fusion of pronuclei
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21
Q

Which species has the most or less chromosomes?

A

Dog has most-78
Equine and rum app- 60
Pig and cat has less- 38

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22
Q

How can insemination occur?

A

Natural

Artificial

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23
Q

Where does the sperm meet the egg for fecundation?

A

In the ampulla

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24
Q

What are the phases of spermatozoa activation?

A

Adherence to zona pellucida
Acrosome reaction
Acrosomal filament

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25
Q

What are the phases of oocyte activation?

A

Fecundation cone
Fusion of membranes
Block to polyspermy (fecundation membrane)

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26
Q

Describe the spermatozoa activation

A 
The sperm is activated by female reproduction tract
Sperm binds to zona pellucida
Acrosomal reaction
Sperm lyses hole in zona pellucida
Sperm and egg membrane fuses
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27
Q

Describe the oocyte activation

A

The adherence of the sperm to zona pellucida and the egg plasma membrane causes the membrane to release cortical granules and withdraw the microvilies.
The membrane thickens and creates a hyaline layer in plasma membrane that blocks the entrance of more sperms

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28
Q

Describe the fusion of cells and joining of pronuclei

A

As the sperm is fused to the egg membrane it releases its nucleus into the egg cell, where it fuses with the egg nucleus and becomes a zygote nucleus

29
Q

What are the consequences of fecundation?

A

It restores the diploid number of chromosome (n from sperm+n from egg)
It determines the sex of the individual
Initiates the further development

30
Q

What are the factors affecting fecundation?

A

Number, concentration and vitality of sperm

Vitality of oocyte

31
Q

Where does fecundation occur in birds?

A

Infundibulum

32
Q

Which are the first divisions in the germinal period?

A

Segmentation/cleavage
Morulation
Blastulation

33
Q

Describe the cleavage/segmentation in meroblastic division

A

In birds, reptiles and fish
One large cell and further division creates smaller cells
Partial cleavage, unequal blastomeres

34
Q

Describe the holoblastic division in segmentation/cleavage

A

All cells are of same size
Total cleavage, equally sized blastomeres
In mammals, nematodes

35
Q

What happens during cleavage?

A

The zygote divides into two blastomeres, which continue to divide until it creates a morula (16-32 cells)within the zona pellucida.
This continues creating a hollow ball of cells, blastula/blastocyst. The inner cavity called blastocoele

36
Q

Describe the first divisions in poultry

A 
It is meroblastic, partial cleavage creating a subgerminal cavity
Area pellucida (the outer layer, covering the subgerminal cavity)
Area opaca (underneath the subgerminal cavity)
37
Q

Describe the blastulation in poultry

A

Delamination/forming of hypoblast (the under most layer of cells)
Creating a subgerminal cavity between epiblasts and zona opaca.
Hypoblast cells migrate from the epiblasts posterity zona marginal to form a hypoblast layer now being the lower margin of the created blastocoele

38
Q

Describe the blastulation of mammals

A

Formation/delamination of the hypoblast
The blastocyst with its outer layer of zona pellucida and inner layer of trophoblasts creates a cavity/blastocele.
Epiblasts create a inner cell mass, that are lines with hypoblast which continue to cover the outside of blastocele.
The blastocyst then hatches from zona pellucida

39
Q

Describe the gastrulation in poultry

A 
Formation of the primitive streak where cells migrate to form an invard shape, the epiblast 
Forming the three blastodermic layers
-endoderm
-mesoderm
-ectoderm
40
Q

What are the three blastoderm layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

41
Q

What are the deratives from the ectodermic (outermost) layer?

A

Neural plate
Neural groove
Neural tube
Neural crest

42
Q

Describe the process of the folding of the ectoderm

A

The open neural plate has ectoderm, neural plate borders and a neural plate.
The neural plate borders joins/folds to create a groove/crest that when fused is the neural tube
Three layers are formed- ectoderm, neural crest and neural tube

43
Q

Describe the different deratives of the ectoderm and what they give rise to

A

Neural tube- brain, spinal chord and deratives
Neural crest- ganglia, adrenal marrow, Schwann cells, microclimate, meninges, cephalic connective tissue, odontoblasts
Embryonary ectoderm- epidermis, hair, feathers, glands, sense organs
Extraembryonary ectoderm- chorion and amnion

44
Q

What are the deratives of the mesoderm?

A 
Notochord
Paraaxial mesoderm (somites)
Intermediate mesoderm (kidneys, gonads)
Lateral plate (splachnopleura, somatopleura)
45
Q

What is the notocord?

A

Derives from mesoderm

Cartilaginous flexible rod in all chordate

46
Q

What are the parts of the paraxial mesoderm and what does it give rise to?

A 
The head
The somites
Sclerotome- axial skeleton
Dermatome- dermis and subcutaneous conn. Tissue
Myotome- skeletal muscle
47
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

Urogenital system

48
Q

What does the lateral plates give rise to?

A

Somatopleura- lining of pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavity, amnios and chorion
Splachnopleura- lining of pleural peritoneal cavity, heart, blood and endothelial cells, adrenal cortex, connective tissue and gut smooth muscle
Extraembryonic

49
Q

What are the deratives of the endoderm?

A

Gastrointestinal tract and annex glands (liver, pancreas), respiratory system, allantios, vitelline vesicle, urinary bladder

50
Q

What is the acquisition of the body shape?

A 
Lengthening of body
Body folding
Embryo and annexes separation
Tail formation
Division into head and trunk
Development of limbs
51
Q

What are the three types of implantation?

A

Central (carnivore/ungulates, no covering of endometrium)
Eccentric (rodents, partially covered)
Interstitial (primes/human/guinea pigs, totally covered)

52
Q

What is the vitelline vesicle and what gives rise to it?

A

The yolk

Endoderm (hypoblast) and splachneoplura

53
Q

What is amnion and chorion in poultry and what gives rise to it?

A

Chorion is the outermost layer/membrane
Amnion covers the fetus, a sac with fluid that fetus floats in
Derives from ectoderm and somatopleura

54
Q

What is the amnion and chorion in mammals and where does it derive from?

A

Amnion- the membrane that are closest to the fetus, derives from ectoderm and somatopleura
Chorion- the outermost fetal membrane, derives from trophoblasts and somatopleura

55
Q

Describe the allantois in poultry

A

Makes out the circulatory system driven by the embryo, finally completely surrounding the embryo

56
Q

What is the allantois function in mammals?

A

Surrounding the fetus and connects to it via the umbilical chord, makes out the placenta

57
Q

What is the uterine vs fetal placenta?

A

Uterine placenta- modified uterine mucosa

Fetal placenta- chorionic vili (leave=smooth, frondosum=rough)

58
Q

What are the five classifications of placenta?

A 
Complete diffuse (only frondosum)
Incomplete diffuse (frondosum in distal parts, leave in middle)
Cotyledonary (cotelydon+caruncle makes out placentoma)
Zonary (leave in distal parts, frondosum in middle)
Discoidal (one disc like placenta)
59
Q

What are the layers separating fetal and maternal blood?

A

Fetus- chorionic epithelium, connective tissue, endothelium

Maternal- endometrial epithelium, connective tissue, endothelium

60
Q

What are the layers of epitheliochorial?

A

Epithelium, connective tissue, endothelium in both fetus and mother
3+3 layers
In equine, cow, pig
Sheep and goat partially

61
Q

What are the layers of syndesmochorial?

A

Fetus- epithelium, connective tissue, endothelium
Mother- connective tissue, endothelium
3+2 layers
In sheep and goat, partially

62
Q

What is the layers of endotheliochorial?

A

Fetus- epithelial, connective tissue, endothelium
Mother-endothelium
3+1 layers
In carnivores

63
Q

What are the layers of haemochorial?

A

Only fetal layers- epithelium, connective tissue, endothelium
3 layers
In rodents, primates, human

64
Q

What are the two types of uterine mucosa destruction?

A

Deciduate (endotheliochondral placentas)

Adeciduate (epitheliochondral placentas)

65
Q

What mechanisms/processes can interfere with development?

A 
Cellular differentiation
Patterning
Cell migration
Growth
Cell death
66
Q

What are hox genes?

A

Related genes controlling development of body in embryo

67
Q

What is teratology?

A

Study of abnormalities of physical development

68
Q

What can cause congenital disorders?

A

Genetic/chromosomal origin

Environmental causes

Anatomy (17 decks)

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