Final Exam Sf2 Flashcards
Urogenital derives from
Intermediate mesoderm
Stages of kidney development
Pronephros- most immature form
Mesonephros- responsible of forming ducts
Metanephros- most mature form, adult
Metanephros
Derived from caudal part of intermediate mesoderm
From renal blastema
Collecting system
Excretion system- renal vesicles to nephrons
Cloaca/urorectal septum
Divides into dorsal and ventral
Dorsal- anorectal duct
Ventral- urogenital sinus
Urogenital sinus
Vesicourethral duct-urinary bladder
Definitive urogenital sinus-urethra+prostate in male, urethra+caudal vagina+vaginal vestibule in females
Kidney excretory system
Filters 2-300 liters /day
Reabsorbs, leaving 1-2 liters of urine/day
Maintains homeostasis by reabsorbtion
Endocrine excretion of renin+erythropoeitin
Shape and borders of kidney
Bean-like
Lateral border-convex
Medial border-concave
Renal hilum/hilus- medial, all vessels come in/out
Urether caudal direction
Retroperitoneal space, no visceral peritoneum
Structure of kidney
Renal cortex- lighter color, outermost
Renal medulla=innermost, darker color,renal pyramids
Renal lobule
Renal cortex+renal pyramid
Renal papilla
Apex of renal pyramids
Renal sinus
Medial portion of kidney
Space that Contains vessels and urether
Renal pelvis
Inside renal sinus
Wider proximal portion of ureter
Compound kidney
Independent lobules
No fusion of renal cortex
No renal pelvis
In marine/primitive animals
Lobulated kidneys
Partial diffusion of renal cortex
No renal pelvis
Always multilobar
Large ruminants/ox
Smooth kidneys
Have pelvis
Fusion of renal cortex
Multilobar/multipapillar smooth kidney
Individual renal pyramids
In pig and human
Unilobal/unipapillary smooth kidney
No individual real pyramids
Renal crest surrounds pelvis
Carnivores, small ruminants, equines
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Renal tubules
PCT
Loop of Henley
DCT
Kidney vascularization
Renal artery- from abdominal aorta Arcuate arteries Interlobar arteries Afferent and efferent glomerular arteries Renal vein drains into caudal vena cava
Kidney innervation
Sympathetic innervation- celiac and cranial mesenteric plexus
Parasympathetic innervation- vagus N
Ligaments of urinary bladder
Ventral/medial ligaments
Lateral ligaments
Round ligament
Ventral/medial ligament of urinary bladder
Fix ventral surface to floor of abd.cavity/alba line
Lateral ligament of urinary bladder
Fix bladder laterally to pelvic wall
Round ligament of urinary bladder
Fix apex to umbillicus
Primitive sex cords
Made by the genital ridge and arrival of primordial germ cells
Male gonad evolution
Primitive sex cords-> testicular cords->germ cells, Sertoli cells, leydig cells
Female gonad evolution
First generation of sex cords-> second generation of sex cords= follicles
Gonad differentiation in males
Mesonephros- efferent ducts
Mesonephric ducts- deferent ducts
Paramesonephric ducts- degenerates
Gonad differentiation in females
Mesonephros- degenerates
Mesonephric ducts- degenerates
Paramesonephric ducts- uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
Hypospadia
Male uretra opens up in wrong place
Seminiferous tubules
Structural and functional unit of testes
Testis orientation in carnivores+equines
Caudate pole caudal
Testes orientation in pigs
Caudate pole is dorsal
Testes orientation in ruminants
Caudate pole is ventral
Efferent duct
Duct of epididymis
Leading from testes to head and body of epididymis
Testicular sinus/bursa
Membrane connecting body of epididymis and testes
Ligament of the testicle
Connects tail of epididymis with testicle
Ejaculatory duct
Where vesicular glands open up and fuses w deferent ducts
Before prostatic urethra
In equine+ruminants
Vesicular gland
Paired gland
Most cranial
Absent in carnivores
Prespermatic fraction
Prostate gland
Spermatic fraction
Bulbourethral gland
Most caudal
Not in dogs
Prespermatic fraction
Penis
2 cavernous bodies dorsally, covered by tunica albuginea and divided by median septum
Spongy body surrounding urethra
Bulbospongious muscle
Ventrally to urethra
Controls amount of blood
Internal pudendal artery
From internal iliac artery
Supplies pelvic urethra, accessory glands
External pudendal artery
From external iliac artery
Supplies scrotum, vaginal tunic, prepuce
Testicular artery
Directly from abdominal artery
Supplies testicle, epididymis, deferent duct
Innervation of penis and prepuce
Pudendal nerve
Sympathetic innervation effects on penis
Retracts penis
Parasympathetic innervation effects on penis
Erects penis
Mesovarium
Part of broad ligament of the uterus
Suspensory ligament of ovary
The first to encounter in surgery
Fix ovaries to ribs cranially
Proper ligament of ovary
Caudal continuation
From uterine horn to near vulva
Through inguinal canal
Vascularization of ovaries
Ovarian artery- direct from abdominal aorta
L ovarian vein drains into renal vein
Ovarian bursa
Sac covering ovary
Mesosalpinx+mesovarium
Intercorneal ligament of ovary
Triangular ligament between tubes
Mesometrium
Biggest portion of broad ligament
Fix all to abdominal wall (body, neck, horns)
Uterine artery
From internal iliac artery
External iliac artery in equines
Mammary glands
Papillary portion- opens up to outside through papillary ducts and orifice
Only one orifice/teat in cow
Vascularization of udder
External pudendal artery- from external iliac artery
Superficial epigastric vein-“milk vein”
Genitofemoral N+pudendal N to mammary glands
Spleen
Left side
3rd cranial in abd. Cavity
Not protected by costal arch
Visceral surface=splenic hilum
Ligaments of spleen
Gastrosplenic ligament- connects to greater omentum
Renosplenic ligament- spleen to kidney
Phronocolic ligament- connects to diaphragm and colon
Vascularization and innervation of spleen
Splenic artery+splenic vein->short gastric+L gastroepiploic
Splenic vein drains into portal vein
