Digestive System Flashcards by Martina Peterson

Alimentary canal

Mouth/pharynx
Esophagus/stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines
Anal canal/duct

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TMJ

Mandible+temporal bone

Synovial joint

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TMJ joint

Articular tubercle (cranial in mandible)
Mandibular fossa (articulates with mandibular condoyle)
Retro-articular process

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Jaw movements, different species

Carnivores- ascent/descent
Rodent- retropulsion/propulsion
Ruminants- diduction (lateral movements)

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Jaw levator muscles

Closes mouth/raises jaw
Masseter
Temporal
MEDIAL pterygoid 
Mandibular N (branch of #5), trigeminal #5

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Jaw propulsor muscles

Moves jaw forward
Lateral pterygoid
Mandibular N (branch of #5)

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Jaw depressor muscles

Opens mouth/ moves jaw downwards
Mylohyiod
Digastric
Mandibular N (branch of #5)

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Facial muscles

Enables Facial expressions, innervated by #7 facial N
Zygomatic M
 Parotido M
Buccinator M
Naso-labial levator M
Orbicular M

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Mylohyoid

Fills up mandibular space

Mandibular N

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Digastric

Lateral to mylohyoid
Underneath masseter
V-shaped
Mandibular N

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Zygomatic M

“Smile” muscle
Thin, strap like
Facial N #5

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Parotido-auricular M

From ear to parotid duct
Strap-like
Facial N #7

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Buccinator M

Surrounding mouth

Facial N #7

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Naso-labial levator M

Raises upper lip
“Grrrr” muscle
From frontal bone to lip
Facial N #7

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Orbicular muscle of the eye

Blink-muscle
Surrounds eye
Facial N #7

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Oral cavity

Space between dental archs
Lips to pharynx
Palate to tongue

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Oral vestibule

Labial+buccal

Cavity between mucosa and teeth

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Dental torus

Dental pad without incisors

Upper jaw in ruminants

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Hard palate

Thin bony plate covered with thick mucosa

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Palatine raphe

Line dividing palate into left and right

Especially in dogs

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Palatine crests

Perpendicular to raphe, transverse

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Vomeronasal organ

Communicates with Incisive papilla

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Parts of tongue

Apex=tip
Body=bulk of tongue
Base/root=where tongue attaches (hyoid bone)

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Lingual frenulum

Strap of tissue underneath tongue

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Lingual torus

Thickening at base of tongue in ruminants

Lyssa

Cartilage piece on ventral surface of tongue in dogs

Mechanic papilla

Filiform Conical-lenticular Marginal

Gustatory papilla

Fungiform Circumvallate Foliate

Filiform papilla

On body+apex Smallest and most numerous Velvet like Conified in ruminants and cats (sharp and thin)

Conical-lenticular papilla

On lingual torus of ruminants | Few over root of tongue in carnivores

Marginal papilla

Only in newborn, helps sucking milk

Fungiform papilla

Mushroom like Bigger On apex and body

Circumvallate papilla

``` Largest Circular Caudally on base/root # Depends on species 2 in pigs, 2-3 in equine, 2-3 in carnivores, 14-16 in ruminants ```

Intrinsic muscles of tongue

Forms tongue, named by fiber direction | Longitudinal, transverse, perpendicular

Extrinsic muscles of tongue

``` Fix tongue to bony structure Genio- jaw Glossus-tongue Styloid process-on base of scull Genioglossus, hypoglossus, styloglossus ```

Related muscles of tongue

Hyoid muscles Mylohyoid Geniohyoid (mandible to hyoid bone)

Innervation

Sensitive- trigeminal #5 Gustatory- facial #7, vagus #10, glossopharyngeal #9 Motor-hypoglossal #12

Prefrenulum area

Area before lingual frenulum

Sublingual recesses

Laterally on both sides of frenulum

Sublingual caruncles

Spherical structures next to frenulum | Openings go mandibular+sublingual salivary glands

Soft palate

Caudal continuation of hard palate | To palato-pharyngeal and palatoglossal arches

Palatoglossal arch

Fixes soft palate to tongue

Nasopharynx

Dorsal part of pharynx | Respiratory

Oropharynx

Ventral part of pharynx | Digestive

Palatinus muscle

Covered by mucosa | Innervated similar to tongue

Where does teeth derive from?

Ectoderm

Minor salivary glands

Labial Buccal/zygomatic (dorsal+ventral) Lingual Palatine

Major salivary glands

Parotid Mandibular Sublingual Monostomatic+polystomatic

Parotid gland

``` Ventrally to base of ear Caudally to ramus of mandible Varies btw species Carn+pig-triangular Equine+rum-oblonged ```

Parotid duct

Goes over dorsal surface of masseter M Drains into buccal vestibule together with zygomatic duct. Multilobulated

Mandibular gland

Spherical in carnivores Big+elongated in rum+equines Ventrally to parotid duct, near the angle of jaw at the bifurcation of ext. jugular vein Smooth appearance Runs along floor of oral cavity into sublingual caruncles Nonlobulated

Polystomatic sublingual gland

Tiny lobes in mucosa in floor of oral cavity | Releases directly into oral cavity

Monostomatic sublingual gland

Cranially/medially to mandibular gland Attached to mandibular gland Opens up in sublingual caruncles

Innervation of glands

Glossopharyngeal #9 | Facial #7

Laryngopharynx

Communicates with both oro- and nasopharynx

Muscles of pharynx

Mainly constrictor muscles | Innervated by vagal N #10, glossopharyngeal #9

Constrictor muscles of pharynx

Hypopharyngeal Thyropharyngeal Cricopharyngeal

Dilator muscle of pharynx

Stylopharyngeal

Tonsils

Lymphatic tissue in pharynx

Lingual tonsils

``` On root/base of tongue Dorsally Abundant Do not confuse with papilla DEFENCE ```

Palatine tonsils

In lateral walls of oropharynx

Pharyngeal tonsils

In roof of nasopharynx

Tubal tonsils

Near opening of auditory tube in nasopharynx

Guttural pouches

Airfilled space (dilation of auditory tube) Communicates with nasopharynx No real function, related to infections Only in equine