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Anatomy & Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

0
Q

What is the equation for energy production?

A

Oxygen + glucose = energy (ATP) + water + carbon dioxide

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1
Q

Why do we breath?

A

To gain oxygen for metabolism

To get rid of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What are the structures of the respiratory system?

A

Lungs
Airways
Respiratory muscles
Pons & medulla oblongata (respiratory control areas of the brain)

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3
Q

In order where does air pass through on its way to the lungs?

A 
Nose/mouth
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli
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4
Q

What is the name of the two membranes that cover the lungs?

A

Pleural membranes

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5
Q

What is the name of the inner pleural membrane & what is it attached to?

A

Visceral membrane

Attached to the surface of the lungs

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6
Q

What is the name of the outer pleural membrane & what is it attached to?

A

Parietal membrane

Attached to the inside of the chest wall.

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7
Q

What happens to the lungs during breathing due the arrangement of the pleural membranes?

A

As the chest walks move, the lungs follow.

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8
Q

What fills the gap between the visceral & parietal membranes?

A

Pleural fluid.

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9
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A

Reduce friction

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10
Q

Name the respiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm
Internal & external intercostal muscles (between ribs)
Accessory muscles of the neck and abdomen (scalenes-neck) (oblique abdominals)

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11
Q

What is the anatomical name for the nostrils?

A

Nares

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12
Q

What lines the naval cavity & what is there purpose?

A

Coarse hairs to trap entering particles

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13
Q

What are the 3 shelves in the nasal cavity called & what is their purpose?

A

Turbinates (cartilage)

Create turbulence & also catch particles

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14
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

A

Mucociliary epithelium

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15
Q

What type of cells lines the nasal cavity?

A

Columnar ciliated cells interspersed with goblet (mucus-secreting) cells.

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16
Q

What does the nasal cavity do do the air that passes through?

A

Warms air
Humidifies (moistens)
Cleans the air

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17
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Throat & the common tube for food & air

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18
Q

Hat are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx/ hypopharynx

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19
Q

What links the pharynx to the middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

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20
Q

What lines the pharynx?

A

Mucociliary epithelium

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21
Q

What does the pharynx divide ventrally into?

A

Trachea

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22
Q

What foes the pharynx divide dorsally into?

A

Oesophagus

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23
Q

What covers the trachea during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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24
Q

What is the anatomical name of the voice box?

A

Larynx

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25
Q

What does the larynx consist of?

A

Cartilage & vocal folds

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26
Q

How does the larynx work?

A

Folds vibrate as air passes over them during expiration to produce sounds

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27
Q

What does the larynx mark the end of?

A

Upper respiratory tract

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28
Q

What is the anatomical name for the wind pipe?

A

Trachea

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29
Q

How big is the trachea?

A

Tube around 12cm long & 1.8cm in diameter

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30
Q

What lines the trachea?

A

Mucociliary epithelium

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31
Q

How does the preparation of air continue in the trachea?

A

Mucociliary escalator

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32
Q

How dies the cell shape change in the trachea?

A

More cuboidal

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33
Q

What supports the trachea?

A

Rings of cartilage (c-rings)

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34
Q

Why are c-rings incomplete posteriorly?

A

To allow room for the oesophagus to expand

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35
Q

What is the name of the place where the trachea divide into the 2 main bronchi (primary bronchi)

A

Carina

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36
Q

At what level is the carina located?

A

Level of the 5th thoracic vertebrae

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37
Q

Why is the mucus lining of the trachea highly sensitive?

A

So cough reflexes are triggered easily

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38
Q

How many generations are there in the respiratory tree?

39
Q

What generation is the trachea in the respiratory tree?

40
Q

What generation are the primary bronchi in the respiratory tree?

41
Q

What generation are the secondary (lobar) bronchi in the respiratory tree?

42
Q

What generations are the bronchioles in the respiratory tree?

43
Q

What are the final generations of the respiratory tree?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveoli

44
Q

Name all the generations of the respiratory tree?

A 
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli
45
Q

What changes occur in the small bronchi & bronchioles?

A

Wall of the airway changes

46
Q

What does the bronchus have more of?

A 
More muscle
Glands
More cilia
Goblet cells
Cartilage
Thicker walls
47
Q

What does the bronchiole have more of?

A

More blood vessels

48
Q

What within the airways walls allows its diameter to alter?

A

Smooth muscle

49
Q

What determines airway resistance?

A

Diameter of airways

50
Q

What is bronchoconstriction?

A

Narrowing of the airways

51
Q

What causes bronchoconstriction?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation & increase in airway resistance

52
Q

What is bronchodilation?

A

Widening of the airways

53
Q

What does bronchodilation reduce?

A

Airway resistance

54
Q

What causes bronchodilation?

A

Adrenaline & noradrenaline secreted by adrenal medulla

55
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

Site of gas exchange

56
Q

What are the alveoli & what are they lined with?

A

Tiny sacs lined by simple cuboidal/squamous epithelium

57
Q

Why are the alveoli lined with simple cuboidal/squamous epithelium?

A

Easier for the air to pass the membrane

58
Q

What is each alveolus surrounded by?

A

About 100 pulmonary capillaries

59
Q

What are the pulmonary capillaries lined by & what is this sometimes called?

A

Simple epithelium

Endothelium

60
Q

What does the alveoli create to aid gas exchange?

A

Huge surface area

61
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

62
Q

What do the pulmonary veins carry?

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

63
Q

How does gas exchange happen in the alveoli?

A

Co2 diffuses down its concentration gradient from the deoxygenated capillary blood into the alveolar air. It is then expelled from the body during expiration

64
Q

What regulates the basic respiratory rhythm?

A

Medulla oblongata & pons (brainstem)

65
Q

How does the medulla oblongata regulate basic respiratory rate?

A

Houses neurones that fire an intrinsic rhythm that coincides with the respiratory cycle

66
Q

How do the respiratory neurones work in relation to respiratory rhythm?

A

Inspiratory neurone & expiratory neurones fire alternatively

67
Q

What does the pons appear to play a role in regarding respiration?

A

Regulation of respiratory rate & depth

68
Q

Why do we breath?

A

Inhale oxygen & exhale Co2 to aid normal cell function

69
Q

What does breathing maintaining?

A

Normal arterial blood gas (ABG) levels

70
Q

What can too much Co2 cause?

A

pH to fall

71
Q

What does insufficient oxygen cause?

A

Cells are unable to make energy

72
Q

What does the respiratory system use to maintain normal (homeostasis) blood gas?

A

Negative feedback loop

73
Q

How do chemoreceptors work?

A

Sense changes in chemical composition

74
Q

What are the 3 stages of the respiratory systems negative feedback loop?

A

Receptors- chemoreceptors
Integrator- brainstem (medulla oblongata & pons)
Effectors- changes to respiratory rate & depth

75
Q

What two types of chemoreceptors are there?

A

Central & peripheral

76
Q

What do central chemoreceptors send signals to?

A

Medulla oblongata

77
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in blood pH levels & levels of CO2 in arterial blood (PaCO2)

78
Q

What are central chemoreceptors not sensitive to?

79
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors also called?

A

Carotoid bodies

80
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Close to the carotid arteries & receive a rich blood supply

81
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in blood pH, PaCO2 & significant changes in PaO2 (arterial oxygen level)

82
Q

What provides information about lung inflation?

A

Lung stretch receptors

83
Q

What gives input regarding respiratory volume control?

A

Cerebral cortex (limited by the need to regulate blood gas levels)

84
Q

What do irritant receptors do?

A

Trigger protective reflexes (cough, sneeze, etc.)

85
Q

What are the two laws regarding gas?

A
  1. Air moves from higher to lower pressure.

2. The pressure exerted by air is inversely related to its volume.

86
Q

What muscles are used during inspiration & how do they work?

A

Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Muscles contract to expand chest.

87
Q

What happens to the lungs during expiration?

A

Elastic recoil of lungs

Mostly passive

88
Q

What does forced expiration require?

A

Contraction of internal intercostal muscles.

Accessory muscles may be recruited in very heavy breathing/respiratory illness.

89
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

How much air you breath in & out.

90
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum inspiration followed by maximum expiration.

91
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration.

92
Q

What does PEFR stand for?

A

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate

93
Q

What does peak flow measure?

A

Width of airways. Measures speed in ltrs per min.

94
Q

What does FEV1 stand for?

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec

95
Q

What does FEV1 measure?

A

Provides info on airway resistance & efficiency of respiratory muscles.

96
Q

What are the natural variables of peak flow?

A

Circadian rhythm

Exercise

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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