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Blood & Blood Groups Flashcards

0
Q

Where in the body would you find the most blood at anytime?

A

Small veins & venules

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A 
Delivery of nutrients.
Transport of gases for gas exchange.
Transport of metabolic waste.
Carriage of hormones, enzymes, drugs and their metabolites.
Immunological role.
Thermoregulation.
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2
Q

Where in the body would you find the least amount of blood at anytime?

A

Capillaries

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3
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Specialised connective tissue

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4
Q

What are bloods 2 components that make it a connective tissue?

A 
Plasma (non-cellular matrix)
Blood cells (formed element)
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5
Q

Define haematocrit?

A

The fraction of the total blood volume that is occupied by the red cells.

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6
Q

How would you calculate a haematocrit?

A

Centrifuged blood sample

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7
Q

What is a normal haematocrit value?

A

35% - 50% (males upper end/ females lower end)

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8
Q

What effect would anaemia have on haematocrit values?

A

Lower than normal

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9
Q

What effect would polycythaemia have on haematocrit values?

A

Higher than normal

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10
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

90-95% water, 5-10% solutes

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11
Q

What is the pH of plasma?

A

7.35-7.45

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12
Q

What does plasmas solutes contain?

A

Salts (electrolytes) - sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride & bicarbonate

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13
Q

What products ate found in plasma?

A

Salts (electrolytes), glucose, amino acids, urea & other small molecules, hormones, plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)

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14
Q

Name all 3 plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

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15
Q

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

A

Own individual functions. Binding, clotting, antibodies.
Maintain fluid balance between plasma & interstial fluid.
Healthy correct level of plasma proteins in the capillary blood.

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16
Q

What is fluid removed from interstial space by?

A

Lymphatic drainage vessels

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17
Q

What happens if plasma protein levels low?

A

More fluid than normal leaves the blood the lymphatics are unable to carry all of this fluid away.

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18
Q

What is oedema?

A

The accumulation of excessive fluid in the tissues.

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19
Q

What are the clinical names for red & white blood cells & platelets?

A

Red cells- erythrocytes
White cells- leukocytes
Platelets- thrombocytes

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20
Q

What is the name of the stem cells in bone marrow that blood derives from?

A

Haemotopoietic tissue

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21
Q

How many red blood cells per litre are there in a healthy person?

A

4.5-6.5 million million per litre

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22
Q

What are the properties of red blood cells?

A

Biconcave disc, non-nucleated in adult form, no mitochondria, contain haemoglobin (Hb)

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23
Q

What are the properties of Hb?

A

Iron containing protein.
Binds avidly to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
Each Hb molecule can combine with 4 oxygen molecules.

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24
What would oxygen saturation be if all 4 Hb molecules combined with 4 oxygen molecules?
100% saturation
25
What is a normal Hb concentration?
11-18g/100ml (dL) or 110-180g/ litre (may be less in pregnancy
26
What is the process of red blood cell formation called?
Erythropoiesis
27
What stimulates erythropoiesis?
Hormone called erythropoietin thats made in the kidneys.
28
Where is erythropoietin made?
Kidneys
29
What stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin?
Response to a fall in oxygen levels in arterial blood.
30
When might oxygen levels fall naturally in arterial blood?
High altitude
31
Why can red blood cells not divide?
Have no nucleus
32
How long do red blood cells live in the circulation?
Around 120 days
33
Where are red blood cells destroyed?
Spleen ( lesser extent in the liver or lymph nodes)
34
How many white blood cells are found in a healthy person?
4-10 thousand million per litre
35
How is white blood cell count reported?
Differential count ( different types if white blood cells are counted seperately)
36
How do white blood cells differ from red blood cells?
Slightly larger. Nucleated. Involved in defending against pathogens.
37
What type of whit blood cell is a phagocyte?
Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages
38
What do basophils secrete?
Histamine
39
What other than being a phogocyte do macrophages secrete?
Pyrogens (heat)
40
What white blood cell is anti-parasitic & play a role in allergic reactions?
Eosinophils
41
What do natural killer cells secrete?
Cytotoxic chemicals
42
What are platelets?
Cell fragments derived from large cells (megakaryocytes) in the bone marrow.
43
How many platelets are found in the blood?
1.5 - 4.0 hundred thousand million per litre
44
How big is a platelet?
Around 2um in diameter - Irregular in shape.
45
What are platelets involved in?
Haemostasis (blood clotting)
46
What do platelets play a continuous role in maintaining?
Vessel integrity
47
What is haemostasis?
Blood clotting
48
What are the stepsof haemostasis?
Vasoconstriction Platelets adhere to site of damage in blood vessel wall Secrete chemicals that promote further platelet adhesion Platelet plug is formed to stem the flow of blood The clotting cascade is initiated Once repaired- clot dissolved (fibrinolysis)
49
What is the process of a clot dissolving caused?
Fibrinolysis
50
What does an incompatible blood transfusion result in?
Agglutination, haemolysis, fever & jaundice
51
What are the antigens & antibodies in blood made from?
Protein
52
Where are antigens in blood found?
Red blood cells
53
Where are antibodies in blood found?
Plasma
54
How many major blood group systems are there?
Over 30
55
What is agglutination?
Clumping together of red blood cells that occurs as a result of an antigen -antibody reaction.
56
What causes agglutination?
Anti-a antibody binds to a -antigens (same with b)
57
What antigens and antibodies does blood group a contain?
A-antigen anti-b antibody
58
What antigens and antibodies does blood group b contain?
B-antigen & anti-a antobody
59
What antigen & antibody does blood group ab contain?
A & b antigen neither antibody
60
What antigen & antibody does blood group o contain?
Neither antigen & anti-a & anti-b antibodies
61
What process is used to ensure compatability of blood?
Cross matching
62
What canincompatible blood transfusions result in?
Agglutination, haemolysis & possibly death
63
What is the golden rule for blood transfusion in an emergency?
The recipients antibodies must not be able to agglutinate the donors red cells
64
What blood group is the universal donor?
Group o
65
What blood group is the universal recipient?
Group ab
66
What is rhesus status determined by?
Presence of Rh- or D- antigens on the persons red blood cells
67
What percentage of the population are Rh +?
85%
68
What do Rh- blood types not have?
Rh antigens
69
Where are anti-rhesus antibodies found?
Arise naturally in plasma
70
When can Rh- people develop a rhesus antigen?
If they come into contact with cells that posses the rhesus antigen
71
What is haemolytic disease of newborn?
Anti rhesus antibodies cross the placenta from mother to fetus & cause severe agglutination reaction
72
How can haemolytic disease of newborn be prevented?
Anti-d immunoglobulin ( coats fetal cells)

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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