Kidneys & body Fluid

Question 0

What is the body water % of male, female & neonate?

Answer 0

Adult male 60%
Adult female 50%
Neonate 75%

Question 1

Define what water is & what does it do?

Answer 1

Universal solvent
Gives volume & turgor (pressure) to cells (intracellular fluid)
Vital component of blood & the fluid between cells (interstitial fluid)
Maintains whole body regulation

Question 2

What body compartment holds the most fluid?

Answer 2

Intracellular fluid (28 ltrs)

Question 3

What body compartment holds the least fluid?

Answer 3

Transcellular fluid (0.8ltrs)

Question 4

What are the 4 types of fluid compartments?

Answer 4

Intracellular, transcellular, Interstial, blood plasma

Question 5

What compartment holds more fluid? Interstitial/ blood plasma

Answer 5

Interstial (10.4 ltrs)

Blood plasma ( 2.8 ltrs)

Question 6

How does water move between fluid compartments?

Answer 6

Osmosis

Question 7

What is the rule to maintain fluid balance?

Answer 7

To maintain fluid balance, fluids in must be equal to fluids out.

Question 8

Cellular metabolism makes some of the bodies water. How?

Answer 8

O2 + glucose = energy + CO2 + H2O

Question 9

How is fluid balance achieved?

Answer 9

Balance between fluid intake (thirst) and urine output.

Question 10

What triggers thirst?

Answer 10

Body fluids become too concentrated.

Question 11

What receptors measure fluid levels?

Answer 11

Osmoreceptors

Question 12

Where are osmoreceptors located?

Answer 12

Hypothalmus

Question 13

Where is the integrator for fluid balance located?

Answer 13

Hypothalmus

Question 14

What does the hypothalamic integrator regulate?

Answer 14

Water intake via thirst mechanism.

Question 15

What regulates water loss via urine?

Answer 15

Kidneys

Question 16

What are the kidneys responsible for?

Answer 16

Elimination of water- soluble waste materials
Fluid volume regulation
Electrolyte balance
Plasma pH regulation

Question 17

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 17

Nephron

Question 18

How many nephrons does each kidney contain?

Answer 18

Around 1 million (tiny tubular structures)

Question 19

What is the job of the nephron?

Answer 19

Form urine of the appropriate volume & composition.
To ensure fluid balance.
To maintain plasma electrolyte & pH levels within normal range.

Question 20

What are the 3 processes involved in urine formation?

Answer 20

Glomerular filtration
Selective reabsorption
Tubular secretion

Question 21

What is glomerular filtration?

Answer 21

Forms a filtrate of plasma.

Question 22

What is selective reabsorption?

Answer 22

Process by which substances may be absorbed from the filtrate back into the peritubular blood.

Question 23

What is tubular secretion?

Answer 23

Process by which substances may be added to the filtrate from the peritubular blood.

Question 24

Where does glomerular filtration take place?

Answer 24

Bowman's capsule

Question 25

When does filtration take place within bowman's capsule?

Answer 25

As blood flows through the glomerular tuft.

Question 26

What part of bowman's capsule has tiny gaps between the cell making them leaky?

Answer 26

Capillary membrane & membrane lining

Question 27

What is the function of the capillary membrane & membrane lining (double sac)?

Answer 27

Allows solutes and water to pass through but restraining larger substances.

Question 28

What substances are filtered & enter bowman's space?

Answer 28

``` Water Electrolytes Glucose Amino acids Urea Small metabolic waste molecules ```

Question 29

What substances are too big to be filtered by bowman's capsule?

Answer 29

Blood cells Plasma proteins Large metabolic waste molecules

Question 30

What is the name of the fluid that enters bowman's capsule as a result of filtration?

Answer 30

Glomerular filtrate

Question 31

Glomerular filtrate is formed at what rate?

Answer 31

Around 120 mls/min (glomerular filtration rate)

Question 32

What % of blood passes through the glomerular capillaries & undergoes filtration?

Answer 32

20%

Question 33

What is the filtration fraction?

Answer 33

% of blood that passes through the glomerular capillaries & undergoes filtration. (20%)