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Anatomy & Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

0
Q

Define the pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood flow between right ventricle & left atrium via the lungs.

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1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

Heart, blood vessels (arteries,veins,capillaries), blood, medulla oblongata (control centre)

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2
Q

Define the systemic circulation?

A

Blood flow from left ventricle to right atrium via the body.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the coronary arteries?

A

Oxygenated blood from aorta to the myocardium

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiac veins?

A

Deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the coronary sinus.

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5
Q

Name the 3 principle layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

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6
Q

Whee would you find the endocardium?

A

Inner lining of heart chambers

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7
Q

Where would you find the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle. Thickest in the left ventricle

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8
Q

Where would you find the pericardium?

A

Covering layer of the heart that forms a sac.

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9
Q

What is the name of the inner lining of the pericardial sac?

A

Epicardium

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10
Q

What is the name of the valve located between the right atrium & right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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11
Q

What is the name of the valve located between the left atrium & left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

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12
Q

What is the name of the valve located at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary Artery)?

A

Pulmonary valve

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13
Q

What is the name of the valve located at the entrance to the aorta?

A

Aortic valve

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14
Q

What is the role of the heart?

A

Role of the heart is to receive blood from tissues and lungs and to pump blood around two circulations (pulmonary & systemic)

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the atria?

A

Receive blood returning from the body (right atrium) & lungs (left atrium)

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the left ventricle?

A

Pumps blood to the systemic arteries

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18
Q

What is intrinsic rhythmicity?

A

Contraction & relaxation of myocardial cells.

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19
Q

Under what circumstances can intrinsic rhytmicity only happen?

A

Response to electrical changes in the cell.

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20
Q

Where is electrical activity spontaneously generated?

A

Sino-atrial node

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21
Q

Where is the sino-atrial node located?

A

Wall of the right atrium close to the entrance of the superior vena cava.

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22
Q

What does the sa node contain?

A

Pacemaker cells (show pacemaker activity)

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23
Q

How does the sa node work?

A

Fires impulses (action potentials) spontaneously & sets the rhythm of the heart.

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24
Q

Where are action potentials conducted?

A

Throughout the myocardium. First atria electrically excited then ventricles electrically excited.

25
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart?

A

San- atria- avn (delayed)- ventricles

26
Q

What fibres carry impulses around the ventricular myocardium?

A

Bundle of his, bundle branches & purkinje

27
Q

In an ecg what does the p wave measure?

A

Atrial depolarisation ( electrical excitation)

28
Q

In an ecg what does the qrs complex measure?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

29
Q

In a ecg what does the t wave measure?

A

Repolarisation of ventricles ( return to non-excited state)

30
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Systole, myocardium repolarises, diastole

31
Q

Define systole?

A

Blood is squeezed from the atria into ventricles & then ejected from the ventricles.

32
Q

What follows electrical excitation?

A

Mechanical contraction (systole)

33
Q

Define diastole?

A

Relaxation. Refills with blood.

34
Q

Define myocardium repolarisation?

A

Returns to its resting electrical state

35
Q

What valves close at the start of ventricular systole & open at the start of ventricular diastole?

A

Tricuspid & bicuspid (mitral) valves

36
Q

What valves open at start of ventricular systole & close at start of ventricular diastole?

A

Aortic & pulmonary valves.

37
Q

The heart sounds ‘lub’ & ‘dub’ correspond to what?

A

Closure of certain heart valves.

38
Q

Define cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one minute.

39
Q

What does cardiac output depend on?

A

Bpm & stroke volume

40
Q

Define stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood ejected from by the left ventricle in one heartbeat.

41
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

42
Q

Define heart rate?

A

Number of times heart beats in one minute (bpm)

43
Q

What is the normal range for heart rate?

A

60 - 80 bpm

44
Q

Name the principle pulse points?

A

Temporal, carotid (neck), brachial (inside elbow), radial (wrist), femoral (groin), popliteal (back of knee). Dorsalis pedis (top of foot)

45
Q

What can alter heart rate?

A

Exercise, stress, drugs, hormones, nervous system

46
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Controls physiological processes we have no control over (conciousley) “automatic”

47
Q

Hat effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

Slows heart rate ( important during rest)

48
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

Accelerates heart rate during exercise or challenges of any kind.

49
Q

What hormones can increase heart rate & stroke volume?

A

Adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroxine

50
Q

What is a normal maximum heart rate?

A

170 - 209 bpm

51
Q

What is tachyardia?

A

Heart rate above 100 bpm at rest

52
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Heart rate below 50 bpm at rest.

53
Q

Under what circumstance may you find someone with a slower resting heart rate?

A

Fitness

54
Q

What influences stroke volume?

A

Venous return ( circulating blood volume), reduced venous return (e.g. Haorrhage) reduces sv & thus cardiac output

55
Q

What is a typical stroke volume for a standard man?

A

70mls per heart beat

56
Q

What determines stroke volume?

A

How strongly ventricles contract

57
Q

What can change stroke volume?

A

Exercise, stress, drugs, nerves, hormones

58
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on stroke volume?

A

Increases force of heart beat & increases stroke volume

59
Q

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on stroke volume?

A

Tends to reduce stroke volume.

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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