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A&P2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The two systems that supply oxygen to cells and eliminate CO2 from the body are

A

the respiratory and cardiovascular systems

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2
Q

Failure of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems will result in

A

death

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3
Q

What are the different parts of the respiratory system?

A 
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs
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4
Q

Each portion of the nose is lined composed of

A

cartilage and skin and lined with mucous membrane

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5
Q

Openings of the nose are the

A

external nares (nostrils)

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6
Q

The nares lead into the

A

nasal cavity

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7
Q

The nasal cavity is divided into 2 compartments by the

A

nasal septum

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8
Q

The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is called the

A

vestibules

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9
Q

What do turbinates do?

A

create turbulence

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10
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

smell
filter the air
warm and humidify the air

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11
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

a muscular tube that is lined with a mucous membrane

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12
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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13
Q

What is the Eustachian tube?

A

connects nasopharynx to the middle ear

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14
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A

to moderate or maintain pressure

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15
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The voice box that connects the pharynx with the tracea

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16
Q

What is the larynx made of

A

cartilage

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17
Q

what is the thyroid cartilage?

A

the adam’s apple

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18
Q

what is the function of thyroid cartilage?

A

none

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19
Q

what is cricoid cartilage?

A

reference point to where a tracheotomy can occur

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20
Q

what is arytenoid cartilage?

A

aids the epiglottis in protection

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21
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

keeps you from choking by closing the larynx

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22
Q

The larynx contains two sets of mucous membranes called

A

true vocal cords

false vocal cords

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23
Q

what are true vocal cords?

A

vibrate and produce the voice

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24
Q

what are false vocal cords

A

lie superior to the true vocals and offer protection to them

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25
Q

what is laryngitis?

A

inflammation of the vocal cords

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26
Q

Men’s vocal cords are

A

larger so they vibrate at a lower frequency

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27
Q

What is the trachea?

A

structure that extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi

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28
Q

what composes the trachea?

A

smooth muscle and hyaline cartilage rings

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29
Q

what lines the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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30
Q

what is the function of the trachea?

A

movement

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31
Q

The trachea will divide into

A

a right and left primary bronchi

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32
Q

At the point where the trachea divides there is a structure called

A

a carnia

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33
Q

the carnia has

A

very sensitive areas that can trigger a cough reflex

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34
Q

the bronchial tree consists of

A 
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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35
Q

The inferior portion of the trachea divides into a

A

right primary bronchus that leads into the right lung and a left primary bronchus that leads into the left lung.

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36
Q

the primary bronchi divide into the

A

secondary bronchi

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37
Q

the secondary bronchi divides into the

A

tertiary bronchi

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38
Q

that tertiary bronchi divide into

A

smaller tubes called the bronchioles

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39
Q

bronchioles divide into

A

smaller tubes called the terminal bronchioles

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40
Q

terminal bronchioles divide into

A

respiratory bronchioles

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41
Q

respiratory bronchioles lead into

A

the alveolar ducts

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42
Q

The terminal bronchioles are the first section of

A

smooth muscle instead of hyaline cartilage

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43
Q

Asthma attacks occur at

A

terminal bronchioles and lower because the smooth muscle contracts and there is no hyaline cartilage to keep the bronchioles open.

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44
Q

what is the treatment for an asthma attack?

A

epinephrine to relax the muscles and open the airways

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45
Q

Lungs are composed of

A

alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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46
Q

Lungs have _________ on the left side

A

3 lobes

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47
Q

Lungs have _________ on the right side.

A

2 lobes

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48
Q

What is the function of the pleural membrane?

A

to enclose and protect the lungs

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49
Q

what are the two parts of the pleural membrane?

A

visceral pleura

parietal pleura

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50
Q

what is the parietal pleura?

A

outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity

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51
Q

what is the visceral pleura?

A

the inner layer that covers the lungs

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52
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A

small space that contains a lubricating fluid that is secreted by membranes

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53
Q

What is the function of the fluid in the pleural cavity?

A

lubrication

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54
Q

what is pleurisy?

A

pleural inflammation

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55
Q

what is pleural effusion?

A

fluid accumulation from infection or cancer

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56
Q

what is a pneumothorax?

A

parietal pleura and visceral pleura are detached from one another and portion of the pleural cavity fills with air

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57
Q

To form the lungs, the alveolar ducts lead into grape clusters called

A

alveolar sacs

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58
Q

what makes up the alveolar sacs?

A

alveoli

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59
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract?

A

above the larynx

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60
Q

what is the lower respiratory tract?

A

below the larynx

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61
Q

what is the conducting airway?

A

starts with primary bronchi and ends at terminal bronchi

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62
Q

what is the respiratory airway?

A

starts with the respiratory bronchioles and ends at the alveoli

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63
Q

what are alveolar macrophages?

A

cells that wonder and remove dust and debris

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64
Q

What happens to the old and dead macrophages?

A

they are swept up by the ciliary currents of the superior portions of the respiratory tree and carried to the pharynx

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65
Q

what are septal cells?

A

type II pneumocytes

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66
Q

where are type II pneumocytes found?

A

alveoli

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67
Q

type II pneumocytes produce

A

surfactant

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68
Q

what is surfactant?

A

prohibits the internal lung surfaces from sticking to eachother

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69
Q

what is hyaline membrane disease?

A

respiratory distress syndrome

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70
Q

who is affected by hyaline membrane disease?

A

newborns

71
Q

why does hyaline membrane disease occur?

A

not enough surfactant has been produced and the internal portion of the alveolar walls adhere.

72
Q

What is the treatment for hyaline membrane disease?

A

injection of cortisol to the mother to stimulate surfactant production in the fetus

73
Q

what are type I pneumocytes?

A

cells where actual gas exchange occurs diffusion

74
Q

There are ______ in the walls of the alveoli

A

elastic fibers

75
Q

what is the function of the elastic fibers?

A

allows for recoil

76
Q

Alveoli sacs are surrounded by

A

a network of capillaries

77
Q

what keeps the lungs from collapsing?

A

surfactant

78
Q

The passage of O2 from the lungs and CO2 from the blood happens at what level?

A

alveoli across the respiratory membrane

79
Q

what is the respiratory membrane?

A

membrane composed of the alveolus wall plus the wall of the capillary

80
Q

How does gas exchange occur?

A

simple diffusion

81
Q

what is hyaline membrane disease?

A

lack of surfactant

82
Q

what are the layers of the respiratory membrane?

A 
surfactant
type I pneumocytes
basement membrane
interstitial space
basement membrane
endothelium
83
Q

what are the three processes of respiration?

A

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
internal respiration

84
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation?

A

breathing.

85
Q

what does pulmonary ventilation consist of?

A

inspiration

expiration

86
Q

what is inspiration?

A

inhalation. The process of bringing air into the lungs

87
Q

what are the steps of inspiration?

A

diaphragm and ribs move out, volume gets bigger. Pressure is going down. Parietal pleura pulls on the visceral pleura. When this happens, the alveoli open up and their volume also increases. Air goes in

88
Q

what is expiration?

A

exhalation. The movement of air out of the lungs.

89
Q

What are the steps of expiration?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and moves up. External intercostals move in. Parietal pleura unsticks. Volume goes down. Pressure goes up in the cavity, body exhales. Elastic fibers recoil.

90
Q

During passive breathing,

A

the external intercostals relax bringing the ribs down

91
Q

Passive breathing is what occurs

A

normally and does not involve muscle contraction.

92
Q

Passive breathing results from

A

elastic recoil of the elastic fibers of the lungs.

93
Q

During exertion ________ occurs

A

active breathing.

94
Q

what is active breathing?

A

allows more air into the lungs.

95
Q

What are the steps of active breathing?

A

internal intercostals contract pulling the ribs down. Abdominal muscles are also contracting.

96
Q

Active breathing makes the

A

thorax smaller causing you to exhale easily. This makes you able to inhale more air.

97
Q

Respiration follows

A

Boyles Law

98
Q

what is boyles law?

A

the pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportionate to the volume of the container.

99
Q

When volume increases

A

pressure decreases

100
Q

when volume decreases

A

pressure increases.

101
Q

what is the normal respiratory rate?

A

16 to 20 bpm

102
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

one breath in and out moves 500 mL

103
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

3000 mL. Amount of air you can breath in forcibly above tidal volume

104
Q

what is expired reserve volume?

A

1100 mL. what you can forcibly exhale above tidal volume.

105
Q

what is residual volume?

A

1200 mL. The amount of air left in the lungs after expired reserve volume

106
Q

At birth, when the lungs first fill with air,

A

oxygen will begin to diffuse from the alveoli into the blood. It diffuses from the blood into the interstitial fluid.

107
Q

Carbon dioxide will

A

move in the opposite direction from the cells into the interstitial fluid into the blood to the lungs and across the respiratory membrane into the alveoli and expired out.

108
Q

Each gas follows its own

A

pressure gradient.

109
Q

The movement of the two gases follow

A

daltons law

110
Q

what is daltons law?

A

each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all gases were not present

111
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

the pressure of a specific gas in a mixture noted by pO2 and pCO2

112
Q

what is external respiration?

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

113
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the cells

114
Q

What is the movement during internal respiration?

A

Oxygen moves into the tissue, CO2 moves into the blood

115
Q

How much oxygen is dissolved in the plasma?

A

very little

116
Q

Where is most oxygen during transport?

A

hemoglobin of the RBCs

117
Q

Oxygen is transported as

A

oxyhemoglobin

118
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

A molecule that is composed of a protein called globin and a pigment portion called heme.

119
Q

Each HEME contains

A

4 atoms of iron

120
Q

Each iron contains

A

one oxygen molecule

121
Q

Under normal conditions, arterial blood is

A

98% saturated with oxygen

122
Q

Exertion will stimulate

A

more oxygen to unload from hemoglobin molecules to meet demands of active tissues.

123
Q

When there is an increase in temperature and an increase in PCO2 as a result of exertion,

A

there will be an increase in the amount of oxygen unloaded to the tissue

124
Q

What is fetal hemoglobin?

A

Main O2 transport protein in the human fetus during the last 7 months of development in the uterus

125
Q

Fetal hemoglobin persists in the newborn until

A

about 6 months old.

126
Q

How does fetal hemoglobin differ from adult hemoglobin?

A

it binds to oxygen with a greater affinity than the adult form giving the fetus better access to oxygen from the mothers bloodstream

127
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

colorless, odorless gas found in the exhaust of cars and tobacco smoke as well as being a by product of coal burning, gas burning and wood burning.

128
Q

How does carbon monoxide work?

A

it attaches to the heme group in Hb just as O2 does

rosa parks

129
Q

Carbon monoxides binding

A

is much stronger than that of oxygen

130
Q

High levels of carbon monoxide result in

A

a decreased level of oxygen to the cells and can lead to death

131
Q

Carbon monoxide competes

A

with oxygen for binding sites

132
Q

What is the 1st way CO2 is transported?

A

Dissolved CO2: 7% is dissolved in plasma. When it reaches the lungs, it diffuses into the alveoli

133
Q

What is the second way CO2 is transported?

A

23% combines with the globin in Hb. Since this occurs on a different binding site than oxygen, there is no competition with O2

134
Q

What is the third way CO2 is transported?

A

70% of CO2 from the cells is transferred as a bicarbonate ion in the plasma.

135
Q

What is the first of the chemical reactions that occur with CO2 transport?

A

CO2 enters the RBC combines with H2O and in the prescence of carbonic anhydrase becomes carbonic acid (H2CO3).

136
Q

When H2CO3 becomes unstable,

A

it breaks down into H+ and HCO3-.

137
Q

The H+ combines with

A

hemoglobin molecules

138
Q

The HCO3-

A

diffuses into the plasma where it will be carried into the lungs

139
Q

To balance the increase in negative charges that occurs when HCO3- leaves the RBC,

A

the chloride shift occurs

140
Q

what is the chloride shift?

A

an influx of Cl- enters the RBC from the plasma.

141
Q

When the blood reaches the lungs,

A

the process is reversed.

142
Q

Where does the respiratory center exist?

A

within the medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain

143
Q

The medulla is the area that

A

will receive information from the body regarding the need for O2 and respond

144
Q

The medulla establishes

A

the initial action potentials that control breathing.

145
Q

In the normal state, impulses

A

spontaneously fire in the medulla and travel to the muscles of inspiration

146
Q

Impulses reach the diaphragm by the

A

phrenic nerves and the external intercostals by the intercostal nerves and inspiration occurs.

147
Q

What is apnea?

A

the absence of breathing

148
Q

What happens when CO2 levels rise too high in the blood?

A

the inspiratory center is stimulated and breathing isresumed involuntary.

149
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

to influence and modify breathing and to control the transition between inhaling and exhaling.

150
Q

How does temperature influence the rate of respiration?

A

increased temperature will increase the rate of respiration.

151
Q

How does pain influence the rate of respiration?

A

prolonged pain will increase the rate of respiration while a sudden pain may cause apnea

152
Q

In an unconscious patient,

A

pain can be used to stimulate breathing.

153
Q

What is emphysema?

A

long term disease where the alveolar walls disintegrate producing large sacs in which air remains even when exhaling.

154
Q

Why does emphysema occur?

A

destruction of the elastic fibers. With less surface area for gas exchange, there is a reduction of O2 diffusion and a build up of CO2 in the blood.

155
Q

Why is exhaling difficult with emphysema?

A

constantly inflated alveoli causes a barrel shaped chest

156
Q

What carcinogens will cause emphysema?

A

cigarette smoking and industrial dust

157
Q

What is lung cancer?.

A

bronchogenic carcinoma that starts in the walls of the bronchi

158
Q

How do carcinogens affect lung cancer?

A

constant irritation of smoke and pollutants causes changes in epithelial and goblet cells.

159
Q

Can epithelium return to a healthy state?

A

some believe that if the irritant is removed at the early stages of histological changes

160
Q

With continued stress to the epithelium,

A

a tumor may form and spread throughout the lungs blocking bronchial tubes

161
Q

The occurrence of lung cancer is

A

20 times greater in smokers than in nonsmokers

162
Q

ACHOO:

A

causes people to sneeze when they look at the sun. A genetic disorder

163
Q

What are the two main types of sleep apnea?

A

obstructive sleep apnea

central sleep apnea

164
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea?

A

caused by an obstruction in the airway during sleep

165
Q

What are some common obstructions?

A

tongue and throat muscles

obesity

166
Q

How do tongue and throat muscles cause obstructions?

A

muscles may relax excessively causing muscles to push into the airway

167
Q

How does obesity affect sleep apnea?

A

excess adipose tissue in the neck region can push the soft tissues toward the lumen in the airway causing the trachea to narrow

168
Q

what is central sleep apnea?

A

respiratory centers do not respond to rising CO2 levels and do not stimulate contraction of the diaphragm and intercostals regularly.

169
Q

What is the result of central sleep apnea?

A

Inspiration does not occur and breathing stops

170
Q

What is the cause of central sleep apnea?

A

unknown but possibly an injury to the medulla or the pons

171
Q

What is the treatment for sleep apnea?

A

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine

172
Q

What are some lifestyle changes that help with sleep apnea?

A

weight loss, eliminating alcohol and drugs, changes in sleep positions.

173
Q

What treatment is specific for central sleep apnea?

A

supplemental oxygen during sleep.

A&P2 (12 decks)

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