Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
The two systems that supply oxygen to cells and eliminate CO2 from the body are
A
the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
2
Q
Failure of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems will result in
A
death
3
Q
What are the different parts of the respiratory system?
A
nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchial tree lungs
4
Q
Each portion of the nose is lined composed of
A
cartilage and skin and lined with mucous membrane
5
Q
Openings of the nose are the
A
external nares (nostrils)
6
Q
The nares lead into the
A
nasal cavity
7
Q
The nasal cavity is divided into 2 compartments by the
A
nasal septum
8
Q
The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is called the
A
vestibules
9
Q
What do turbinates do?
A
create turbulence
10
Q
What are the functions of the nose?
A
smell
filter the air
warm and humidify the air
11
Q
what is the pharynx?
A
a muscular tube that is lined with a mucous membrane
12
Q
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
13
Q
What is the Eustachian tube?
A
connects nasopharynx to the middle ear
14
Q
What is the function of the Eustachian tube?
A
to moderate or maintain pressure
15
Q
What is the larynx?
A
The voice box that connects the pharynx with the tracea
16
Q
What is the larynx made of
A
cartilage
17
Q
what is the thyroid cartilage?
A
the adam’s apple
18
Q
what is the function of thyroid cartilage?
A
none
19
Q
what is cricoid cartilage?
A
reference point to where a tracheotomy can occur
20
Q
what is arytenoid cartilage?
A
aids the epiglottis in protection
21
Q
what is the epiglottis?
A
keeps you from choking by closing the larynx
22
Q
The larynx contains two sets of mucous membranes called
A
true vocal cords
false vocal cords
23
Q
what are true vocal cords?
A
vibrate and produce the voice
24
Q
what are false vocal cords
A
lie superior to the true vocals and offer protection to them
25
what is laryngitis?
inflammation of the vocal cords
26
Men's vocal cords are
larger so they vibrate at a lower frequency
27
What is the trachea?
structure that extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
28
what composes the trachea?
smooth muscle and hyaline cartilage rings
29
what lines the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
30
what is the function of the trachea?
movement
31
The trachea will divide into
a right and left primary bronchi
32
At the point where the trachea divides there is a structure called
a carnia
33
the carnia has
very sensitive areas that can trigger a cough reflex
34
the bronchial tree consists of
```
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
```
35
The inferior portion of the trachea divides into a
right primary bronchus that leads into the right lung and a left primary bronchus that leads into the left lung.
36
the primary bronchi divide into the
secondary bronchi
37
the secondary bronchi divides into the
tertiary bronchi
38
that tertiary bronchi divide into
smaller tubes called the bronchioles
39
bronchioles divide into
smaller tubes called the terminal bronchioles
40
terminal bronchioles divide into
respiratory bronchioles
41
respiratory bronchioles lead into
the alveolar ducts
42
The terminal bronchioles are the first section of
smooth muscle instead of hyaline cartilage
43
Asthma attacks occur at
terminal bronchioles and lower because the smooth muscle contracts and there is no hyaline cartilage to keep the bronchioles open.
44
what is the treatment for an asthma attack?
epinephrine to relax the muscles and open the airways
45
Lungs are composed of
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
46
Lungs have _________ on the left side
3 lobes
47
Lungs have _________ on the right side.
2 lobes
48
What is the function of the pleural membrane?
to enclose and protect the lungs
49
what are the two parts of the pleural membrane?
visceral pleura
| parietal pleura
50
what is the parietal pleura?
outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
51
what is the visceral pleura?
the inner layer that covers the lungs
52
what is the pleural cavity?
small space that contains a lubricating fluid that is secreted by membranes
53
What is the function of the fluid in the pleural cavity?
lubrication
54
what is pleurisy?
pleural inflammation
55
what is pleural effusion?
fluid accumulation from infection or cancer
56
what is a pneumothorax?
parietal pleura and visceral pleura are detached from one another and portion of the pleural cavity fills with air
57
To form the lungs, the alveolar ducts lead into grape clusters called
alveolar sacs
58
what makes up the alveolar sacs?
alveoli
59
what is the upper respiratory tract?
above the larynx
60
what is the lower respiratory tract?
below the larynx
61
what is the conducting airway?
starts with primary bronchi and ends at terminal bronchi
62
what is the respiratory airway?
starts with the respiratory bronchioles and ends at the alveoli
63
what are alveolar macrophages?
cells that wonder and remove dust and debris
64
What happens to the old and dead macrophages?
they are swept up by the ciliary currents of the superior portions of the respiratory tree and carried to the pharynx
65
what are septal cells?
type II pneumocytes
66
where are type II pneumocytes found?
alveoli
67
type II pneumocytes produce
surfactant
68
what is surfactant?
prohibits the internal lung surfaces from sticking to eachother
69
what is hyaline membrane disease?
respiratory distress syndrome
70
who is affected by hyaline membrane disease?
newborns
71
why does hyaline membrane disease occur?
not enough surfactant has been produced and the internal portion of the alveolar walls adhere.
72
What is the treatment for hyaline membrane disease?
injection of cortisol to the mother to stimulate surfactant production in the fetus
73
what are type I pneumocytes?
cells where actual gas exchange occurs diffusion
74
There are ______ in the walls of the alveoli
elastic fibers
75
what is the function of the elastic fibers?
allows for recoil
76
Alveoli sacs are surrounded by
a network of capillaries
77
what keeps the lungs from collapsing?
surfactant
78
The passage of O2 from the lungs and CO2 from the blood happens at what level?
alveoli across the respiratory membrane
79
what is the respiratory membrane?
membrane composed of the alveolus wall plus the wall of the capillary
80
How does gas exchange occur?
simple diffusion
81
what is hyaline membrane disease?
lack of surfactant
82
what are the layers of the respiratory membrane?
```
surfactant
type I pneumocytes
basement membrane
interstitial space
basement membrane
endothelium
```
83
what are the three processes of respiration?
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
internal respiration
84
what is pulmonary ventilation?
breathing.
85
what does pulmonary ventilation consist of?
inspiration
| expiration
86
what is inspiration?
inhalation. The process of bringing air into the lungs
87
what are the steps of inspiration?
diaphragm and ribs move out, volume gets bigger. Pressure is going down. Parietal pleura pulls on the visceral pleura. When this happens, the alveoli open up and their volume also increases. Air goes in
88
what is expiration?
exhalation. The movement of air out of the lungs.
89
What are the steps of expiration?
Diaphragm relaxes and moves up. External intercostals move in. Parietal pleura unsticks. Volume goes down. Pressure goes up in the cavity, body exhales. Elastic fibers recoil.
90
During passive breathing,
the external intercostals relax bringing the ribs down
91
Passive breathing is what occurs
normally and does not involve muscle contraction.
92
Passive breathing results from
elastic recoil of the elastic fibers of the lungs.
93
During exertion ________ occurs
active breathing.
94
what is active breathing?
allows more air into the lungs.
95
What are the steps of active breathing?
internal intercostals contract pulling the ribs down. Abdominal muscles are also contracting.
96
Active breathing makes the
thorax smaller causing you to exhale easily. This makes you able to inhale more air.
97
Respiration follows
Boyles Law
98
what is boyles law?
the pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportionate to the volume of the container.
99
When volume increases
pressure decreases
100
when volume decreases
pressure increases.
101
what is the normal respiratory rate?
16 to 20 bpm
102
what is tidal volume?
one breath in and out moves 500 mL
103
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
3000 mL. Amount of air you can breath in forcibly above tidal volume
104
what is expired reserve volume?
1100 mL. what you can forcibly exhale above tidal volume.
105
what is residual volume?
1200 mL. The amount of air left in the lungs after expired reserve volume
106
At birth, when the lungs first fill with air,
oxygen will begin to diffuse from the alveoli into the blood. It diffuses from the blood into the interstitial fluid.
107
Carbon dioxide will
move in the opposite direction from the cells into the interstitial fluid into the blood to the lungs and across the respiratory membrane into the alveoli and expired out.
108
Each gas follows its own
pressure gradient.
109
The movement of the two gases follow
daltons law
110
what is daltons law?
each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all gases were not present
111
what is partial pressure?
the pressure of a specific gas in a mixture noted by pO2 and pCO2
112
what is external respiration?
exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
113
what is internal respiration?
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the cells
114
What is the movement during internal respiration?
Oxygen moves into the tissue, CO2 moves into the blood
115
How much oxygen is dissolved in the plasma?
very little
116
Where is most oxygen during transport?
hemoglobin of the RBCs
117
Oxygen is transported as
oxyhemoglobin
118
What is hemoglobin?
A molecule that is composed of a protein called globin and a pigment portion called heme.
119
Each HEME contains
4 atoms of iron
120
Each iron contains
one oxygen molecule
121
Under normal conditions, arterial blood is
98% saturated with oxygen
122
Exertion will stimulate
more oxygen to unload from hemoglobin molecules to meet demands of active tissues.
123
When there is an increase in temperature and an increase in PCO2 as a result of exertion,
there will be an increase in the amount of oxygen unloaded to the tissue
124
What is fetal hemoglobin?
Main O2 transport protein in the human fetus during the last 7 months of development in the uterus
125
Fetal hemoglobin persists in the newborn until
about 6 months old.
126
How does fetal hemoglobin differ from adult hemoglobin?
it binds to oxygen with a greater affinity than the adult form giving the fetus better access to oxygen from the mothers bloodstream
127
What is carbon monoxide?
colorless, odorless gas found in the exhaust of cars and tobacco smoke as well as being a by product of coal burning, gas burning and wood burning.
128
How does carbon monoxide work?
it attaches to the heme group in Hb just as O2 does
| rosa parks
129
Carbon monoxides binding
is much stronger than that of oxygen
130
High levels of carbon monoxide result in
a decreased level of oxygen to the cells and can lead to death
131
Carbon monoxide competes
with oxygen for binding sites
132
What is the 1st way CO2 is transported?
Dissolved CO2: 7% is dissolved in plasma. When it reaches the lungs, it diffuses into the alveoli
133
What is the second way CO2 is transported?
23% combines with the globin in Hb. Since this occurs on a different binding site than oxygen, there is no competition with O2
134
What is the third way CO2 is transported?
70% of CO2 from the cells is transferred as a bicarbonate ion in the plasma.
135
What is the first of the chemical reactions that occur with CO2 transport?
CO2 enters the RBC combines with H2O and in the prescence of carbonic anhydrase becomes carbonic acid (H2CO3).
136
When H2CO3 becomes unstable,
it breaks down into H+ and HCO3-.
137
The H+ combines with
hemoglobin molecules
138
The HCO3-
diffuses into the plasma where it will be carried into the lungs
139
To balance the increase in negative charges that occurs when HCO3- leaves the RBC,
the chloride shift occurs
140
what is the chloride shift?
an influx of Cl- enters the RBC from the plasma.
141
When the blood reaches the lungs,
the process is reversed.
142
Where does the respiratory center exist?
within the medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain
143
The medulla is the area that
will receive information from the body regarding the need for O2 and respond
144
The medulla establishes
the initial action potentials that control breathing.
145
In the normal state, impulses
spontaneously fire in the medulla and travel to the muscles of inspiration
146
Impulses reach the diaphragm by the
phrenic nerves and the external intercostals by the intercostal nerves and inspiration occurs.
147
What is apnea?
the absence of breathing
148
What happens when CO2 levels rise too high in the blood?
the inspiratory center is stimulated and breathing isresumed involuntary.
149
What is the function of the pons?
to influence and modify breathing and to control the transition between inhaling and exhaling.
150
How does temperature influence the rate of respiration?
increased temperature will increase the rate of respiration.
151
How does pain influence the rate of respiration?
prolonged pain will increase the rate of respiration while a sudden pain may cause apnea
152
In an unconscious patient,
pain can be used to stimulate breathing.
153
What is emphysema?
long term disease where the alveolar walls disintegrate producing large sacs in which air remains even when exhaling.
154
Why does emphysema occur?
destruction of the elastic fibers. With less surface area for gas exchange, there is a reduction of O2 diffusion and a build up of CO2 in the blood.
155
Why is exhaling difficult with emphysema?
constantly inflated alveoli causes a barrel shaped chest
156
What carcinogens will cause emphysema?
cigarette smoking and industrial dust
157
What is lung cancer?.
bronchogenic carcinoma that starts in the walls of the bronchi
158
How do carcinogens affect lung cancer?
constant irritation of smoke and pollutants causes changes in epithelial and goblet cells.
159
Can epithelium return to a healthy state?
some believe that if the irritant is removed at the early stages of histological changes
160
With continued stress to the epithelium,
a tumor may form and spread throughout the lungs blocking bronchial tubes
161
The occurrence of lung cancer is
20 times greater in smokers than in nonsmokers
162
ACHOO:
causes people to sneeze when they look at the sun. A genetic disorder
163
What are the two main types of sleep apnea?
obstructive sleep apnea
| central sleep apnea
164
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
caused by an obstruction in the airway during sleep
165
What are some common obstructions?
tongue and throat muscles
| obesity
166
How do tongue and throat muscles cause obstructions?
muscles may relax excessively causing muscles to push into the airway
167
How does obesity affect sleep apnea?
excess adipose tissue in the neck region can push the soft tissues toward the lumen in the airway causing the trachea to narrow
168
what is central sleep apnea?
respiratory centers do not respond to rising CO2 levels and do not stimulate contraction of the diaphragm and intercostals regularly.
169
What is the result of central sleep apnea?
Inspiration does not occur and breathing stops
170
What is the cause of central sleep apnea?
unknown but possibly an injury to the medulla or the pons
171
What is the treatment for sleep apnea?
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine
172
What are some lifestyle changes that help with sleep apnea?
weight loss, eliminating alcohol and drugs, changes in sleep positions.
173
What treatment is specific for central sleep apnea?
supplemental oxygen during sleep.
