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A&P2 > Lecture Test 2 Part Two > Flashcards

Lecture Test 2 Part Two Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ABO system?

A

system of grouping blood according to the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B

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2
Q

Those who have antigen A on the surface of their RBCs have

A

type A blood

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3
Q

Those who have antigen B on the surface of their RBCs have

A

type B blood

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4
Q

Those who have antigen A and antigen B on the surface of their RBCs have

A

type AB blood

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5
Q

Those with no antigens on the surface of their RBCs have

A

type O blood

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6
Q

In order to have type O blood:

A

both parents have to have type O blood

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7
Q

There are ______ in the plasma that will react with the antigens of other blood types.

A

antibodies

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8
Q

When incompatible bloods are mixed together,

A

a transfusion reaction occurs

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9
Q

what is a transfusion reaction?

A

RBCs burst releasing hemoglobin into the blood

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10
Q

what is hemolysis?

A

bursting of red blood cells

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11
Q

The main reaction to compare when evaluating matches is

A

donor antigen and recipient antibody

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12
Q

Type A blood has

A

A antigens

anti B antibodies

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13
Q

Type B blood has

A

B antigens

anti A antibodies

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14
Q

Type AB blood has

A

A and B antigens

no antibodies

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15
Q

Type O blood has

A

no antigens

anti A and anti B antibodies

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16
Q

Who is the universal recipient

A

AB

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17
Q

Who is the universal donor?

A

O

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18
Q

Humans are born with

A

ABO antigens but develop appropriate antibodies

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19
Q

What is the Rh system?

A

A blood typing first discovered in the rhesus monkey

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20
Q

Those who have Rh antigens on their RBCs

A

are Rh+

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21
Q

Those who lack Rh antigens on their RBCs

A

are Rh -

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22
Q

Which typing is most popular on the Rh scale?

A

Rh+

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23
Q

To be Rh-,

A

both parents must contribute a Rh gene

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24
Q

Normally there are no ___________ in the blood of Rh - people

A

anti Rh antibodies

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25
Q

People will develop anti Rh antibodies

A

after exposure to Rh+ blood

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26
Q

When the mother is Rh - and the fetus is Rh+

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn may occur

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27
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is only a problem

A

during a second pregnancy

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28
Q

During labor, the mothers Rh- blood and the baby’s Rh+ blood will mix and

A

the mother will produce anti Rh antibodies

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29
Q

During the second pregnancy, the mother’s anti Rh antibodies

A

will cross the placenta.

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30
Q

What is the outcome of hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

hypoxia, anemia and brain damage to the fetus

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31
Q

How can hemolytic disease of the newborn be prevented?

A

rhogam injection during the pregnancy and 72 hours after delivery

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32
Q

What does the Rhogam injection do?

A

Prevents the mother’s blood from forming the anti Rh antibodies.

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33
Q

When do transfusion reactions occur?

A

shortly after a mismatched blood transfusion

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34
Q

What does a transfusion reaction cause?

A

chills, fever, vomiting and possible kidney damage.

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35
Q

Why are the kidneys damaged after a transfusion reaction?

A

the release of hemoglobin into the blood and blockage of the renal tubules causing renal failure

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36
Q

what is the treatment for a transfusion reaction?

A

IV fluids, diuretic, antihistamines, steroids

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37
Q

The heart is the ______ of the cardiovascular system

A

pump

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38
Q

The heart is located

A

between the lungs in the mediastinum

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39
Q

The heart is enclosed in

A

a pericardial sac

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40
Q

The pericardial sac has two layers:

A

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium

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41
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

the outer, tough fibrous connective tissue sac that surrounds the heart.

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42
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

thinner more delicate membrane that is composed of two layers with a small space in between.

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43
Q

The pericardial space is filled with

A

pericardial fluid

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44
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the serous pericardium

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45
Q

What are the three portions of the heart wall?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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46
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

thin membrane that is the external layer of the heart

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47
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

cardiac muscle layer; involuntary, striated, intercalated discs.

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48
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Thin layer of endothelium lining the heart and continues with the endothelium of the vessels.

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49
Q

What is the largest layer of the heart?

A

myocardium

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50
Q

What is epicarditis?

A

inflammation of the epicardium

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51
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle

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52
Q

What are the superior chambers?

A

atriums

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53
Q

What are the inferior chambers?

A

ventricles

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54
Q

The atria are separated by

A

the interatrial septum

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55
Q

The ventricles are separated by the

A

interventricular septum

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56
Q

What are the functions of the valves of the heart?

A

prevent back flow of blood

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57
Q

The atrioventricular valves are located

A

between the atria and the ventricles

58
Q

The atrioventricular valves are flaps connected to

A

the papillary muscles in the walls of the ventricles

59
Q

What attaches the atrioventricular valves?

A

chordae tendineae

60
Q

The atrioventricular valve on the right side is the

A

tricuspid valve

61
Q

the atrioventricular valve on the left side is the

A

bicuspid valve

62
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

within the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

63
Q

what are the two semilunar valves called

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

aortic semilunar valve

64
Q

Deoxygenated blood goes

A

through the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

65
Q

what is the pathway for deoxygenated blood through the heart?

A 
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
or 
coronary sinus
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
66
Q

Pulmonary arteries are

A

deoxygenated arteries

67
Q

Oxygenated blood goes

A

from the lungs to the left side of the heart

68
Q

what is the pathway for oxygenated blood?

A 
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
body
69
Q

pulmonary veins are

A

oxygenated

70
Q

Off the aorta, the heart will get the first supply of newly oxygenated blood through the

A

right and left coronary arteries

71
Q

What is the function of the right and left coronary arteries?

A

delivering oxygen and removing wastes like CO2

72
Q

The right and left coronary arteries branch through the

A

myocardium

73
Q

The deoxygenated blood goes through the veins in the myocardium and finally will be drained back into the heart by the

A

coronary sinus

74
Q

what is the coronary sinus?

A

a large vein

75
Q

The right coronary artery extends from

A

the aorta around the posterior portion of the heart

76
Q

What are the two branches of the right coronary artery?

A

right marginal branch

posterior interventricular branch

77
Q

What does the right marginal branch do?

A

brings oxygenated blood to the lateral wall of the right atrium

78
Q

what does the posterior interventricular branch do?

A

supplies oxygenated blood to the posterior and inferior part of the heart

79
Q

the left coronary artery branches off into the

A

left anterior interventricular branch
left marginal branch
circumflex branch

80
Q

what is the function of the left anterior interventricular branch?

A

supplies oxygenated blood to most of the anterior portion of the heart

81
Q

what is the function of the left marginal branch?

A

supplies blood to the lateral wall of the left ventricle

82
Q

what is the function of the circumflex branch?

A

supplies blood to the posterior side of the heart

83
Q

what is ischemia?

A

reduced flow to the heart muscle

84
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

severe pain in the heart that results from reduced blood flow

85
Q

what is the treatment for ischemia?

A

nitroglycerin pills placed under the tongue

86
Q

How do nitroglycerin pills work?

A

vasodialates

87
Q

what is a myocardial infarction?

A

death of an area of the myocardium due to interruption of blood supply

88
Q

What happens during a myocardial infarction?

A

the normal contractile muscle dies and is replaced by scar tissue that does not contract

89
Q

What is the most common cause of a myocardial infarction?

A

thrombus formation in the coronary artery

90
Q

The impulses to contract the heart are controlled by

A

the nervous system

91
Q

Cardiac excitation begins in the

A

sinoatrial node

92
Q

where is the sinoatrial node located

A

in the wall of the right atrium

93
Q

Each impulse or action potential travels through both

A

atria and cause them to contract

94
Q

The impulse moves from the SA node to the

A

atrioventricular node

95
Q

where is the atriventricular node located

A

the superior portion of the interventricular septum

96
Q

From the atriventricular node, the impulse goes to

A

the bundle of his

97
Q

From the bundle of his, the impulse travels to

A

the right and left branch bundles within the interventricular septum

98
Q

From the left and right branch bundles, the impulse travels

A

to the purkinje fibers

99
Q

The purkinje fibers take the impulse

A

to the myocardium of the ventricles and cause them to contract

100
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

the sinoatrial node

101
Q

What is an ectopic pacemaker?

A

when a site other than the SA node becomes the pacemaker

102
Q

What happens when there is an ectopic pacemaker?

A

irregular beats of the heart

103
Q

What causes the irregular beats when there is an ectopic pacemaker?

A

caffeine, nicotine, toxic reactions, heart damage

104
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker?

A

treatment used to restore cardiac rhythm if the SA node is not functioning

105
Q

The heart is classified as

A

autorhythmic

106
Q

what is dies autorhythmic mean?

A

stimulates itself to contract

107
Q

Could the heart be removed from the body and continue to beat?

A

yes

108
Q

What is an EKG?

A

a recording of the electrical activity of the heart

109
Q

what does the P wave measure?

A

atrial depolarization

110
Q

what is atrial depolarization?

A

spread of impulse through the atria leading to contraction of the atria

111
Q

what does the QRS complex measure?

A

ventricular depolarization

112
Q

what is ventricular depolarization?

A

spread of impulse through the ventricles leading to contraction of ventricles

113
Q

what does the T wave measure?

A

ventricular repolarization?

114
Q

what is ventricular repolarization?

A

relaxation of ventricles

115
Q

Why can’t you see the atria relaxing on an EKG?

A

because it is hidden by the large QRS complex

116
Q

What is the P-Q interval?

A

the conduction time from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation

117
Q

What would cause the P-Q interval to be longer than normal?

A

coronary heart disease and rheumatic fever causing scar tissue

118
Q

what is the Q-T interval?

A

the beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization

119
Q

What would case the Q-T interval to be longer than normal?

A

myocardial infarction

120
Q

what are arrhythmias?

A

irregular heart beats

121
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

heart rate over 100 beats per minute

122
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

heart rate under 60 bpm

123
Q

What is a normal heart rate?

A

75 bpm

124
Q

One heartbeat is considered to be

A

1 cardiac cycle

125
Q

In each cardiac cycle, pressure changes occur

A

within the chambers as the atria and ventricles contract and relax

126
Q

The blood in the heart flows from

A

an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

127
Q

What is a silent heart attack?

A

when a patient didn’t know they have had a heart attack

128
Q

The two atria will contract while

A

the 2 ventricles relax

129
Q

the two ventricles contract while

A

the two atria relax

130
Q

what is a systole?

A

phase of contraction

131
Q

what is a diastole?

A

phase of relaxtion

132
Q

During an atrial systole,

A

the cuspid valves open allowing blood into the relaxed ventricles

133
Q

After an atrial systole, the ventricles have a systole where

A

the cuspid valves are closed and the semilunar valves open. The blood is then pushed to the lungs from the right ventricle and to the body by the left ventricle

134
Q

A cardiac cycle consists of

A

a systole and a diastole from both atria and both ventricles

135
Q

what are the two heart sounds?

A

lubb

dupp

136
Q

what is a lubb

A

the sound of the blood when the AV valves close

137
Q

what is a dupp?

A

sound of the blood when the semilunar valves close

138
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

abnormal sound heard before or after the lubb-dupp

139
Q

What causes a heart murmur?

A

a valve not closing completely or abnormal valve anatomy

140
Q

A heart murmur is not necessarily a

A

pathology

A&P2 (12 decks)

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