Lecture Test 2 Part Two Flashcards
What is the ABO system?
system of grouping blood according to the presence or absence of antigen A and antigen B
Those who have antigen A on the surface of their RBCs have
type A blood
Those who have antigen B on the surface of their RBCs have
type B blood
Those who have antigen A and antigen B on the surface of their RBCs have
type AB blood
Those with no antigens on the surface of their RBCs have
type O blood
In order to have type O blood:
both parents have to have type O blood
There are ______ in the plasma that will react with the antigens of other blood types.
antibodies
When incompatible bloods are mixed together,
a transfusion reaction occurs
what is a transfusion reaction?
RBCs burst releasing hemoglobin into the blood
what is hemolysis?
bursting of red blood cells
The main reaction to compare when evaluating matches is
donor antigen and recipient antibody
Type A blood has
A antigens
anti B antibodies
Type B blood has
B antigens
anti A antibodies
Type AB blood has
A and B antigens
no antibodies
Type O blood has
no antigens
anti A and anti B antibodies
Who is the universal recipient
AB
Who is the universal donor?
O
Humans are born with
ABO antigens but develop appropriate antibodies
What is the Rh system?
A blood typing first discovered in the rhesus monkey
Those who have Rh antigens on their RBCs
are Rh+
Those who lack Rh antigens on their RBCs
are Rh -
Which typing is most popular on the Rh scale?
Rh+
To be Rh-,
both parents must contribute a Rh gene
Normally there are no ___________ in the blood of Rh - people
anti Rh antibodies
People will develop anti Rh antibodies
after exposure to Rh+ blood
When the mother is Rh - and the fetus is Rh+
hemolytic disease of the newborn may occur
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is only a problem
during a second pregnancy
During labor, the mothers Rh- blood and the baby’s Rh+ blood will mix and
the mother will produce anti Rh antibodies
During the second pregnancy, the mother’s anti Rh antibodies
will cross the placenta.
What is the outcome of hemolytic disease of the newborn?
hypoxia, anemia and brain damage to the fetus
How can hemolytic disease of the newborn be prevented?
rhogam injection during the pregnancy and 72 hours after delivery
What does the Rhogam injection do?
Prevents the mother’s blood from forming the anti Rh antibodies.
When do transfusion reactions occur?
shortly after a mismatched blood transfusion
What does a transfusion reaction cause?
chills, fever, vomiting and possible kidney damage.
Why are the kidneys damaged after a transfusion reaction?
the release of hemoglobin into the blood and blockage of the renal tubules causing renal failure
what is the treatment for a transfusion reaction?
IV fluids, diuretic, antihistamines, steroids
The heart is the ______ of the cardiovascular system
pump
The heart is located
between the lungs in the mediastinum
The heart is enclosed in
a pericardial sac
The pericardial sac has two layers:
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
What is the fibrous pericardium?
the outer, tough fibrous connective tissue sac that surrounds the heart.
What is the serous pericardium?
thinner more delicate membrane that is composed of two layers with a small space in between.
The pericardial space is filled with
pericardial fluid
What is pericarditis?
inflammation of the serous pericardium
What are the three portions of the heart wall?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
What is the epicardium?
thin membrane that is the external layer of the heart
What is the myocardium?
cardiac muscle layer; involuntary, striated, intercalated discs.
What is the endocardium?
Thin layer of endothelium lining the heart and continues with the endothelium of the vessels.
What is the largest layer of the heart?
myocardium
What is epicarditis?
inflammation of the epicardium
What are the four chambers of the heart?
left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle
What are the superior chambers?
atriums
What are the inferior chambers?
ventricles
The atria are separated by
the interatrial septum
The ventricles are separated by the
interventricular septum
What are the functions of the valves of the heart?
prevent back flow of blood
The atrioventricular valves are located
between the atria and the ventricles
The atrioventricular valves are flaps connected to
the papillary muscles in the walls of the ventricles
What attaches the atrioventricular valves?
chordae tendineae
The atrioventricular valve on the right side is the
tricuspid valve
the atrioventricular valve on the left side is the
bicuspid valve
Where are the semilunar valves located?
within the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
what are the two semilunar valves called
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
Deoxygenated blood goes
through the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
what is the pathway for deoxygenated blood through the heart?
superior vena cava inferior vena cava or coronary sinus right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary arteries are
deoxygenated arteries
Oxygenated blood goes
from the lungs to the left side of the heart
what is the pathway for oxygenated blood?
lungs pulmonary veins left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta body
pulmonary veins are
oxygenated
Off the aorta, the heart will get the first supply of newly oxygenated blood through the
right and left coronary arteries
What is the function of the right and left coronary arteries?
delivering oxygen and removing wastes like CO2
The right and left coronary arteries branch through the
myocardium
The deoxygenated blood goes through the veins in the myocardium and finally will be drained back into the heart by the
coronary sinus
what is the coronary sinus?
a large vein
The right coronary artery extends from
the aorta around the posterior portion of the heart
What are the two branches of the right coronary artery?
right marginal branch
posterior interventricular branch
What does the right marginal branch do?
brings oxygenated blood to the lateral wall of the right atrium
what does the posterior interventricular branch do?
supplies oxygenated blood to the posterior and inferior part of the heart
the left coronary artery branches off into the
left anterior interventricular branch
left marginal branch
circumflex branch
what is the function of the left anterior interventricular branch?
supplies oxygenated blood to most of the anterior portion of the heart
what is the function of the left marginal branch?
supplies blood to the lateral wall of the left ventricle
what is the function of the circumflex branch?
supplies blood to the posterior side of the heart
what is ischemia?
reduced flow to the heart muscle
what is angina pectoris?
severe pain in the heart that results from reduced blood flow
what is the treatment for ischemia?
nitroglycerin pills placed under the tongue
How do nitroglycerin pills work?
vasodialates
what is a myocardial infarction?
death of an area of the myocardium due to interruption of blood supply
What happens during a myocardial infarction?
the normal contractile muscle dies and is replaced by scar tissue that does not contract
What is the most common cause of a myocardial infarction?
thrombus formation in the coronary artery
The impulses to contract the heart are controlled by
the nervous system
Cardiac excitation begins in the
sinoatrial node
where is the sinoatrial node located
in the wall of the right atrium
Each impulse or action potential travels through both
atria and cause them to contract
The impulse moves from the SA node to the
atrioventricular node
where is the atriventricular node located
the superior portion of the interventricular septum
From the atriventricular node, the impulse goes to
the bundle of his
From the bundle of his, the impulse travels to
the right and left branch bundles within the interventricular septum
From the left and right branch bundles, the impulse travels
to the purkinje fibers
The purkinje fibers take the impulse
to the myocardium of the ventricles and cause them to contract
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
the sinoatrial node
What is an ectopic pacemaker?
when a site other than the SA node becomes the pacemaker
What happens when there is an ectopic pacemaker?
irregular beats of the heart
What causes the irregular beats when there is an ectopic pacemaker?
caffeine, nicotine, toxic reactions, heart damage
What is an artificial pacemaker?
treatment used to restore cardiac rhythm if the SA node is not functioning
The heart is classified as
autorhythmic
what is dies autorhythmic mean?
stimulates itself to contract
Could the heart be removed from the body and continue to beat?
yes
What is an EKG?
a recording of the electrical activity of the heart
what does the P wave measure?
atrial depolarization
what is atrial depolarization?
spread of impulse through the atria leading to contraction of the atria
what does the QRS complex measure?
ventricular depolarization
what is ventricular depolarization?
spread of impulse through the ventricles leading to contraction of ventricles
what does the T wave measure?
ventricular repolarization?
what is ventricular repolarization?
relaxation of ventricles
Why can’t you see the atria relaxing on an EKG?
because it is hidden by the large QRS complex
What is the P-Q interval?
the conduction time from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation
What would cause the P-Q interval to be longer than normal?
coronary heart disease and rheumatic fever causing scar tissue
what is the Q-T interval?
the beginning of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization
What would case the Q-T interval to be longer than normal?
myocardial infarction
what are arrhythmias?
irregular heart beats
what is tachycardia?
heart rate over 100 beats per minute
what is bradycardia?
heart rate under 60 bpm
What is a normal heart rate?
75 bpm
One heartbeat is considered to be
1 cardiac cycle
In each cardiac cycle, pressure changes occur
within the chambers as the atria and ventricles contract and relax
The blood in the heart flows from
an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
What is a silent heart attack?
when a patient didn’t know they have had a heart attack
The two atria will contract while
the 2 ventricles relax
the two ventricles contract while
the two atria relax
what is a systole?
phase of contraction
what is a diastole?
phase of relaxtion
During an atrial systole,
the cuspid valves open allowing blood into the relaxed ventricles
After an atrial systole, the ventricles have a systole where
the cuspid valves are closed and the semilunar valves open. The blood is then pushed to the lungs from the right ventricle and to the body by the left ventricle
A cardiac cycle consists of
a systole and a diastole from both atria and both ventricles
what are the two heart sounds?
lubb
dupp
what is a lubb
the sound of the blood when the AV valves close
what is a dupp?
sound of the blood when the semilunar valves close
What is a heart murmur?
abnormal sound heard before or after the lubb-dupp
What causes a heart murmur?
a valve not closing completely or abnormal valve anatomy
A heart murmur is not necessarily a
pathology
