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A&P2 > Development and Inheritance > Flashcards

Development and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during fertilization?

A

genetic material of sperm and oocyte merge into a single nucleus

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2
Q

When does fertilization occur?

A

12-24 hours after ovulation

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3
Q

What must happen before fertilization can occur?

A

capacitation

acrosomal reaction

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4
Q

what is capacitation?

A

weakening of cell membrane of spermatozoa head

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5
Q

where does capacitation happen?

A

female reproductive system

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6
Q

what is the acrosomal reaction?

A

sperm surrounds oocyte and releases hyaluronidase

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7
Q

what happens after hyaluronidase is secreted?

A

disruption of the corona radiate and the zona pellucida

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8
Q

what blocks polyspermy?

A

changing the location of the veils

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9
Q

what is polyspermy?

A

many sperm

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10
Q

How long do spermatozoa survive?

A

3-7 days

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11
Q

How long is the oocyte viable once ovulated?

A

24 hours

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12
Q

What day of the cycle should fertilization occur?

A

day 15

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13
Q

What happens when sperm enters the secondary oocyte?

A

fusion of male pronucleus and female pronucleus

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14
Q

what is a male pronucleus?

A

flagella is shed and head develops

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15
Q

what is a female pronucleus?

A

nucleus of female oocyte

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16
Q

What happens when the male pronucleus and female pronucleus fuse?

A

a zygote is formed with 46 chromosomes

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17
Q

How are dizygotic twins formed?

A

when the mother ovulates 2 oocytes and both are fertilized

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18
Q

Once a zygote is formed, it will undergo

A

a form of mitosis called cleavage

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19
Q

what is cleavage?>

A

1 celled zygote will duplicate and split into two cells

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20
Q

How long after fertilization does cleavage occur?

A

30 hours

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21
Q

what follows cleavage?

A

more and more cell division until a morula is formed

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22
Q

what is a Morula?

A

solid ball of blastomeres surrounded by the zona pellucida

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23
Q

Where is the morula?

A

fallopian tube headed for the uterus

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24
Q

What happens after 5 days of development?

A

a blastocyst is formed.

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25
Q

what is a blastocoele?

A

cavity that forms in the middle of the blastocyst

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26
Q

what is a trophoblast?

A

outer covering of cells on the blastocyst

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27
Q

what causes blastocoele?

A

movement of blastomeres

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28
Q

what is the embryoblast?

A

inner covering of cells on a blastocyst

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29
Q

the embryoblast will form the

30
Q

the trophoblast will become

A

the placenta

31
Q

how are monozygotic twins developed?

A

1 oocyte is fertilized by 1 sperm but 2 areas of embryoblast develop individually

32
Q

what are conjoined twins?

A

monozygotic twins that are joined physically

33
Q

what causes conjoined twins?

A

abnormal cleavage

34
Q

When does the blastocyst enter the uterus?

A

5 days after fertilization

35
Q

what happens 6-7 days after fertilization?

A

blastocyst attaches to endometrium

36
Q

what is the germinal period

A

first two weeks when the germ layers will form

37
Q

what is the embryonic period?

A

3-8 weeks of development

38
Q

what happens after the embryonic period?

A

fetal period

39
Q

What are the three germ layers that the embryoblast differentiates into?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

40
Q

what is the ectoderm?

A

outside layer. skin and nervous system

41
Q

what is the mesoderm?

A

middle layer. muscle, bone and connective tissue

42
Q

what is the endoderm?

A

middle layer. most viscera

43
Q

what are the four membranes that develop

A

yolk sac
amnion
chorion
allantois

44
Q

what is the yolk sac?

A

early site of blood formation. comes from the endoderm

45
Q

what is the amnion?

A

membrane that surrounds embryo

46
Q

what fills the amnion?

A

amniotic fluid

47
Q

where does the amnion come from?

48
Q

what is the function of the amnion?

A

protection

49
Q

what is the chorion?

A

membrane that becomes pportion of the placenta

50
Q

what does the chorion secrete?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

51
Q

what is the function of hCG?

A

continue progesterone secretion

52
Q

what are pregnancy tests based on?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin detection

53
Q

where does the chorion come from?

A

trophoblasts

54
Q

what is the allantois?

A

early site of blood formation

55
Q

where does the allantois come from?

56
Q

what is the function of the placenta?

A

bringing oxygen and removing waste products

57
Q

what happens to the placenta after 3-4 months?

A

production of progesterone and estrogen

58
Q

what do progesterone and estrogen do?

A

maintain endometrial lining and prepare mammary glands for milk

59
Q

what is the function of the chorion?

A

to grab onto the mother

60
Q

when can hCG be detected on a pregnancy test?

61
Q

what is gestation?

A

time that a zygote, embryo or fetus is carried in the reproductive tract

62
Q

How long is the human gestation period

A

266 days or 40 weeks

63
Q

what is labor proceeded by?

A

increase in hormones

64
Q

what are the three stages of labor?

A

stage of dilation
stage of expulsion
placental stage

65
Q

what is stage of dilation

A

dilation of the cervix from 1 to 10 cm

66
Q

what happens during the stage of dilation?

A

contractions of the uterus and rupturing of the embryonic sac

67
Q

what is the stage of expulsion?

A

when delivery occurs

68
Q

how long does the stage of dilation last?

69
Q

how long is the stage of expulsion?

70
Q

what is the placental stage?

A

when the placenta is passed

71
Q

how long is the placental stage?

A&P2 (12 decks)

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